Geoengineering 1966

Wer übersetzt? Viele der Altgeneration können, so wie ich, zu wenig gut Englisch, um den Text im Detail zu verstehen. Auch auszugsweise Uebersetzung kann hilfreich sein.

****************

ICAS Report No. 10a

November 1966

A Recommended National Program In Weather Modification

A Report to the Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences Homer E. Newell bY Associate Administrator for Space Science and Application National Aeronautics Si Space Administration Washington, D.C. Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences

I w W -0 a n n 0 n E I > 0 0 – m I . e . „I…

DONALD F. HORWIG, Chairman

Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology

Jowl S. PW!Wt, JR.

Department of Defense

J. HERBERT HOLUXW

Department of Camerce

G-T. SEABORG

A t d c Energy Camlssion

LELAND J. HAwOR!CE

Rational Science Foundation

PHILIP Re LEE JAMES E. WEBB

Department of Health, Education, and National Aeronautics and Space

Welfare Administration

THCWS F. BATES

Department of the Interior

EEIWAt? POLLACK (Observer)

Department of State

WILLLAM F. McKEE (Observer)

Federal Aviation Agency

JACK W. CARISOH (Observer)

Council of Ekonolpic Advisers

GEORGEL. MEHRW

Department of Agriculture

WILLIAM D. CAREX (Observer)

Bureau of the Budget

HERBFST SCOVIIU, JR. (Observer)

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

S. DILLON RIpLey (Observer)

Smithsonian Institution

CHARtES V. KIDD

Executive Secretary

J. HEREERT HOLLWNI chsim

Federal Council for Science and Technology

UZUND J. HAWORTH, Vice Chairman

National Science Foundation

RO[BERTM. WHITE

Department of Camnerce

RICHARD A. PRINDU

Department of Health, Education, and

JOSHUA Z. HaLIdl4D (Acting)

Atamic Energy Cammission

Welfare

HERMAN mucic

Department of State

LEE m m m

Federal Commrnicatlons Caannission

SAMUEL A. IAWREEE (Observer)

Bureau of the Budget

CLAY’IQR E. JWSEN (Observer)

Office of the Federal Coordinator for

hieteo-ogicd. Services and Su~~orting

Research

THMlDoRE C. B m Y

Department of Agriculture

DONALD M. MCARTMm

Department of Defense

HaMERE.

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

THaMAs F. BATES

De-nt of the Interior

JOSEWD. BLATT

Federal Aviation Agency

DAvlD Z. ROBINSON (Observer)

Office of Science and Technology

JOHN R. SIEVERS (Observer)

National Academy of Sciences

smmmw. BETlls

Executive Secretary

FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20230

ICAS Report No. 10a

November 7, 1966

MEMORANDUM FOR DR. DONALD F. HORNIG

Subject: Weather Modification Program

At its meeting of March 29, 1966 the Fe~dr61 Council askel ICAS

to prepare a report outlining „who is doing what in weather

modification, the future plans of the agencies (particularly

Commerce and Interior) and their interrelationships, and the

considerations that should affect decisions on the division of

responsibilities for research in weather modification.“

Forwarded herewith is a Report prepared for ICAS by 3r. Homer E.

Newell, the NASA member of ICAS. It has been thoroughly considered

by our Committee and is endorsed as the ICAS response

to the Council’s request above.

J. Herbert Hollomon

Chairman

A Recommended National Program

In Weather Modification

A Report to the

Interdepartmental Committee for

Atmospheric Sciences

Homer E. Newel1

Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications

lVational Aeronadcs A Space Administration

Washington, D.C.‘

1 October 1966

A RECOMMENDED NATIONAL PROGRAM IN WEATHER MODIFICATION

INTRODUCTION

The earth’sJeather has a profound influence on

agriculture, forestry, water resources, industry, commerce,

transportation, construction, field operations,

commercial fishing, and many other human activities.

Adverse effects of weather on man’s activities and the

earth’s resources are extremely costly, amounting to

billions of dollars per year, sometimes causing

irreparable damage as when human lives are lost in

severe storms. There is, therefore, great motivation

to develop effective countermeasures against the

destructive effects of weather, and, conversely, to

enhance the beneficial aspects. The financial and

other benefits to human welfare of being able to

modify weather to augment water supplies, reduce

lightning, suppress hail, mitigate tornados, and

inhibit the full development of hurricanes would be

very great.

Over the past twenty years experiments have been

conducted on weather modification, particularly on the

effects of seedinq- clouds with such materials as

silver iodide crystals. The results are limited.

Under suitable circumstances it has been possible to

augment precipitation by ten to twenty percent, and to

reduce the frequency of fire-producing lightning

strokes. Effects on hail production have been noted,

sometimes suppression and sometimes augmentation.

These results probably would be of only passing interest

were it not for the potential importance to mankind

of further progress in this field. Perhaps the most

significant result of the experiments to date has been

to bring about a change in attitude from one of

skeptici9m to one of cautious optimism. The limited

success to date is encouraging, and underscores the

importance of pressing forward with the necessary research

to understand the dynamics of weather systems that will

have to be dealt with in any efforts at weather modification.

The gradually accumulating evidence of positive

results from efforts at weather modification led the

Committee on Atmospheric Sciences of the National

Academy of Sciences, in November 1963,to appoint a

Panel on Weather and Climate Modification „to undertake

a deliberate and thoughtful review of the present status

and activities in this fieldq and of its potential and

limitations for the future.“ The Panel made its report

at the beginning of this calendar year (Ref. 1). The

composition of the NAS Panel is given in App. I, together

with a list of the Panel’s recommendations. Elaboration

and discussion of these recommendations may be found

in Ref. 1.

On June 16, 1964, the Director of the National

Science Foundation announced the appointment of a

Special Commission on Weather Modification.

in its review of the field, the Commission activated

seven subgroups to study the physical, biological,

statistical, social, international, legal and legislative,

and administration and funding aspects of

weather and climate modification. The membership of

the Commission and a list of the principal recommendations

of the Commission are attached (App. 11).

Fdrther elaboration and discussions of those recommendations

may be found in the Commission’s report and

the report of the subgroups (Refs. 2 and 3).

To assist

* Final Report of the Panel on Weather and Climate Modification

to the Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, National

Academy of qciences-National Research Council; „Weather

and Climate Modification,“ Volume I-Summary and Recommendations,

Publication No. 1350, 1966, pg vii

With the growing conviction of positive and potential

results, a number of government agencies have been

developing plans for research and ultimately operational

programs in weather and climate modification. Some of

these plans stem from the desire to use weather modification

to meet specific mission responsibilities such

as development of water resources, protection of crops,

protection against forest fires, ecc: Other plans stem

– m dire= responsibility for furthering our understanding

of weather and its uses. A summary report,

„Present and Future Plans of Federal Agencies in

Weather-Climate Modification,“ dated June 20, 1966, was

prepared for the Interdepartmental Committee for

Atnospheric Sciences (ICAS) by a Select Panel on Weather

Modification (App. 111). -Whereas the ICAS Select Panel

report reflected a desirable vigor in pressing forward

in this important field, nevertheless, it raised a

number of questions as to the soundness and adequacy of

proposed plans, the validity of cost estimates, the

availsbility of trained people to meet the schedules

proposed, overlapping of research activities, duplication

of proposed facilities, responsibility for coordination

and reporting, and responsibility for regulation and

control.

__ __

To discharge its responsibilities, ICAS must provide

answers to these questions and make appropriate recommendations.

To this end, the Chairman of ICAS, Dr. Herbert

Hollomon, asked me to review the proposed plans and to

submit recommendations that might be adopted by ICAS for

a report to Dr. Donald F. Hornig, Director of the Office

of Science and Technology, Executive Office of the President.

TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THIS STUDY

The terns of reference for this study are set forth

in the memorandum from Dr. Hollomon to me (App. IV),

specifically requesting me to formulate a National Weather

Modification Program along the l i n e s delineated i n the

report of the ICAS Select Panel on Weather Modification.

APPROACH

I have taken the ICAS Select Panel Report (App. 111)

as my s t a r t i n g point, and have used the NAS Panel and NSF

Special Commission Reports (Refs. 1, 2, 3) as sources of

expert thinking on the subject. In order t o penetrate

i n s u f f i c i e n t depth i n t o the problems involved, I put

together a panel of NASA experks, the constitution of

which is given in App. V. We m e t a number of t i m e s with

representatives from the Department of Agriculture, the

Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), the

Interior Department’s Bureau of Reclamation, and the

National Science Foundation (NSF), to hear briefings on

program plans and budgets, to discuss proposed schedules,

s t a f f i n g , f a c i l i t y construction, and operations, and t o

review i n some d e t a i l the v a l i d i t y of cost estimates.

We received from these agencies a considerable volume of

supporting documentation. Appendix V also includes a

chronology of Panel meetings, and a list of material

reviewed by the Panel.

I elected to concentrate attention on the above

four agencies, since t h e i r programs, as set forth i n

the ICAS Select Panel Report, project to over 98% of

the t o t a l national weather modification a c t i v i t y i n

1970. Because the programs of the Department of Defense,

the Federal Aviation Agency, and the National Aeronautics

and Space Administration w e r e such a s m a l l part of the

t o t a l , they w e r e not reviewed i n d e t a i l .

I n assessing the v a l i d i t y of cost estimates, I

sought to determine realistic and reasonable orders of

magnitude. P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n was paid t o assessing

* Henceforth the NASA Panel w i l l be referred to simply

as „the Panel.“

the realism of the estimates of manpower resources and

a v a i l a b i l i t y , and t h e i r impact on possible r a t e s of growth.

I a l s o sought t o separate those areas meriting early

a t t e n t i o n from those of a longer range nature t h a t could

be approached more slowly.

The observations and recommendations contained i n

the following sections are based on the Panel reviews

and deliberations. It should be emphasized t h a t the

recommendations deal with the major problems, on .the

assumption t h a t i f the major problems are resolved the

remaining pieces can be f i t t e d i n t o place.

RECOMMENDED PRINCIPLES

C e r t a i n principles were developed which underlie

the program recommendations. It is recommended t h a t

these principles be accepted i n the development of the

National Weather Modification Program. It is intended

t h a t the principles apply t o a l l agencies involved in

weather modification a c t i v i t i e s , and not j u s t to those

whose programs are discussed i n d e t a i l i n t h i s report,

The principles are:

There is s u f f i c i e n t potential payoff indicated

by the r e s u l t s of past research to j u s t i f y

continuing basic and applied research in the

area of weather modification.

The p o t e n t i a l d o l l a r savings in lessening the

destructive effects of weather, and the potent

i a l gains i n enhancing the beneficial e f f e c t s ,

are so great t h a t expenditures of appreciable

d o l l a r s on weather modification research and

application can be j u s t i f i e d .

There is a need for a single agency t o assume

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for taking the lead i n developing

a well-rounded national program of research on

weather modification, properly r e l a t e d t o

weather observation and weather research. (Such

a lead agency would, however, not have authority

to control the content of other agency programs.)

4. It is of value and desirable to maintain multiple

agency approach t o weather modification research

and application, with independent funding for

the d i f f e r e n t agencies.

5. An agency t h a t has a major mission r e s p o n s i b i l i t y

requiring weather modification, for example,

augmenting water resources or minimizing f o r e s t

fires, must be an a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a n t in the

t o t a l weather modification program, but with

the agency’s mission focusing and broadly

defining its a c t i v i t y .

6. To achieve the m o s t e f f e c t i v e application of

weather modification to its mission objectives,

a mission agency must understand the basic

problems, and hence must be involved s i g n i f i –

cantly i n r e l a t e d research. Thus, while the

agency’s mission should focus its p a r t i c i p a t i o n

in the weather modification program, the mission

should not too narrowly confine t h a t participation.

7. The various agencies p a r t i c i p a t i n g in the

weather modification program must support each

other w i t h t h e i r experience and c a p a b i l i t i e s .

In areas where several federal agencies have

needs for laboratories and large f a c i l i t i e s , j o i n t

use should be made of such f a c i l i t i e s . Similarly,

existing competence should, in general, be used by

other agencies rather than duplicated. I n

p a r t i c u l a r , the c e n t r a l agency having r e s p o n s i b i l i t y

for focusing the national program i n t o a properly

balanced and integrated t o t a l must not attempt to

do everything itself for everybody: r a t h e r , it

should build judiciously upon the a c t i v i t i e s ,

c a p a b i l i t i e s , and’mission r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of

the various p a r t i c i p a t i n g agencies.

8. A formal procedure must be developed to achieve

continuing v i s i b i l i t y and coordination of the

total weather modification program.

9: There must be regulation and control of weather

modification a c t i v i t i e s , especially as those

a c t i v i t i e s increase i n magnitude and frequency

and become international in scope. This is

required especially to provide a mechanism for

protection a g a i n s t harmful consequences of

weather modification a c t i v i t y b u t a l s e te

permit valid experimentation.

OBSERVATIONS

I found that the budget figures in the ICAS select

Panel Report did not r e f l e c t the current s t a t u s of

agency program analysis and planning.

of growth in the select Panel Report w e r e u n r e a l i s t i c a l l y

high, in some cases by a factor of two or more.

Indicated rates

As well as I could determine, the various agencies

are counting i n large measure on using the same people

a t various contractors and u n i v e r s i t i e s t o help carry

out the planned programs. ESSA appears t o have the

kind and quantities of people required t o mount a

vigorous program in weather modification research, but

the a b i l i t y to build up program a c t i v i t y a t anything like

the proposed r a t e s would depend upon whether these people

can actually be reassigned from t h e i r present duties.

In general there was a large disparity between projected

manpower a v a i l a b i l i t i e s and requirements. This serves to

emphasize t h a t proposed r a t e s of program growth are

indeed too high, and a l s o t h a t a vigorous e f f o r t should

be made t o increase the t o t a l national competence i n the

weather modification field.

There are a few areas of s u f f i c i e n t immediate promise

t o warrant moving ahead on experimental operational programs.

One is the seeding of orographic clouds in western

areas to augment water p r e c i p i t a t i o n f o r increasing water

supply. Another is the seeding of dry, shallow storms

i n the Rocky Mountain regions for suppression of the

kind of lightning t h a t causes f o r e s t f i r e s . In other

areas it appears too early a t the present time t o undertake

operational applications of weather modification.

What is needed a t the present t i m e and for the immediate

future is a program of research, including some f i e l d

programs, directed toward understanding the physics and

dynamics of weather systems to provide a s c i e n t i f i c

basis for further experimentation i n weather modification.

In general, the proposed program content for all

four agencies appears sound, being based on assessments of

p o t e n t i a l p r a c t i c a l returns, or on a recognition of the

need for research. Except for questions of undesirable

duplication, my criticism lies not i n the subject cont

e n t of proposed programs, b u t r a t h e r in the areas of

program phasing, proposed rates of growth, and the

v a l i d i t y of dollar estimates.

PROGRAM THRUST, ASSESSMENT, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Major Thrust of Proqram

It is recommended that the major t h r u s t of the

National Program in Weather Modification for the

immediate future be in the direction of understanding

the physics and dynamics of weather

systems t o provide a sound basis for experimentation

i n and application of weather modification.

This w i l l require programs of f i e l d experimentation

t o extend and apply the r e s u l t s of laboratory

and t h e o r e t i c a l research.

Budqe t

1. It is recommended that the agencies participating

i n the weather modification program

give e a r l y a t t e n t i o n to the development of

valid budget figures, w i t h p a r t i c u l a r attention

to realistic rates of growth, and valid

estimates of manpower a v a i l a b i l i t y .

2. While I recommend a vigorous National Program

of Weather Modification, I f e e l that the size

projected for FY 1970, including major

f a c i l i t i e s , might reasonably be l i t t l e more

than half of that given i n the ICAS Select

Panel Report.

Because the various agencies w e r e unable t o provide

firm budget estimates, I was i n no position to develop

a definitive budget. I have, however, plotted some

trends i n Fig. 2 of App. V I which q u a n t i t a t e i n a rough

way my recommendations r e l a t i v e t o the s p e c i f i c agency

programs. The number3 used w e r e arrived a t from discussions

w i t h the agencies and among ourselves. The

numbers may w e l l have to be changed a f t e r the agencies

have completed their analyses of actual requirements:

i n the meantime, t h e s e may be taken as i n d i c a t i n g my

judgment as to r e a s o n a b l e orders of magnitude.

Department of A q r i c u l t u r e Proqram

I b e l i e v e that a weather m o d i f i c a t i o n program of

about $600K i n FY 1967′ growing to $7M i n FY 1970 is

j u s t i f i a b l e . About h a l f of t h e FY 1970 f i g u r e is f o r

f a c i l i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g purchase and operation of s m a l l

aircraft and a much needed r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r y .

r e s e a r c h y e t to be done shows a m i s s i o n – o r i e n t e d program

i n h a i l s u p p r e s s i o n to be warranted, the FY 1970 figure

could be larger.

I f

The Department of A g r i c u l t u r e program, projected

through FY 1970, can be considered i n terms cf two najcr

categories :

1. D i r e c t m o d i f i c a t i o n of weather

2. E c o l o g i c a l and supporting research

These relate in the main to the s u p p r e s s i o n of specific

harmful e f f e c t s of weather phenomena, and a study of

the e f f e c t s of weather m o d i f i c a t i o n upon farm and forest

crops and on land management i n g e n e r a l .

The d i r e c t weather m o d i f i c a t i o n p o r t i o n of the

program i n c l u d e s p r i m a r i l y a n expanded l i g h t n i n g suppress

i o n e f f o r t and a new e f f o r t d i r e c t e d toward h a i l supp

r e s s i o n , t h e Department states: “ P r o j e c t S k y f i r e of

t h e U.S. F o r e s t Service is performing an active research

program aimed a t s u p p r e s s i o n of l i g h t n i n g w h i c h causes

some 10,000 f o r e s t f i r e s annually i n the United S t a t e s .

A f i e l d experiment is t e s t i n g the e f f e c t s of very heavy

s e e d i n g w i t h s i l v e r i o d i d e on l i g h t n i n g storms. The

r e s u l t s to d a t e show a 32 percent r e d u c t i o n i n cloudto-

ground l i g h t n i n g from seeded storms. A s p e c i a l l y

i n s t r u m e n t e d f i e l d area u t i l i z i n g three r a d a r s and a

network of l i g h t n i n g s e n s o r s t a t i o n s is used f o r the

cloud seeding experiments and for studies of lightning

characteristics. The type of lightning discharge most

likely to ignite forest fires has been identified.

High output airborne and ground based silver iodide

generators have been developed. Utilizing data from

the experimental area and a network of lightning survey

stations, physical and mathematical models of mountain

thunderstorms are being developed. ‚I*

Project Skyfire is providing the basis for achieving

a significant reduction in lightning damage in the

forest areas of the western United States, which is of

appreciable benefit to the country. The objectives of

Skyfire clearly fall within the mission responsibilities

of the U.S. Forest Service, which should continue to be

responsible for the project.

The present program has been underway for over

ten years. From the data presented to the Panel, it

appears that this effort has been underfunded in relation

to its potential value to the agency’s mission,

and to the Nation. I recommend, and regard as minimal,

the following effort proposed by Agriculture:

1. Expanded lightning investigations at the

Missoula Experimental site and at the Northern

Forest Fire Laboratory.

2. Performance of larger scale seeding experiments

in two well instrumented experimental

areas in the National Forests of the Northern

Rockies. A capability should be developed,

by strengthening research resources already

available, to operate these experimental

areas either separately or simultaneously.

* United States Department of Agriculture, Summary of

Weather Modification Research Program presented on

June 28, 1966.

The concentration of research on determining

the seeding effects on lightning discharges

having long continued current portions.

Evidence now available indicates that these

hybrid discharges are of major importance in

igniting forest fuels.

Continued research in the development of high

output silver iodide smoke generators and in

the development of seeding systems for use in

forest protection.

Continued research in the development of a

lightning fire intelligence system including

storm tracking, discharge measurements, and

lightning risk evaluation in the fc?rest fire

danger rating program.

Most of the Agriculture budget is to support the

above program, and includes all necessary facilities

such as observational networks, operation and acquisition

of research aircraft, cloud seeding equipment,

radar, and a special laboratory for lightning studies.

These facilities and the increased efforts they support

represent, in my opinion, realistic growth.

There is at the present no substantial Department

of Agriculture effort in hail suppression. The Department

states: „The Department of Agriculture research

program in hail suppression is in an embryo stage. The

main activity is preliminary planning of a long range

research program. ‚I*

The Department of Agriculture’s miss ion responsibilities

for crop protection were well documented and

defined to the Panel, and are the basis for an active

*United States Department of Agriculture, Summary of

Weather Modification Research Program presented on

June 28, 1966.

i n t e r e s t i n hail suppression.

were submitted, however, to j u s t i f y undertaking a largescale

program a t t h i s t i m e .

are inadequate for defining a valid program to apply

hail suppression techniques to such applications as

crop protection.

No scientific d e t a i l s

S c i e n t i f i c r e s u l t s to date

I recommend against the expansion of Agriculture’s

hail suppression efforts beyond a m o d e s t e f f o r t for the

t i m e being. I recommend t h a t the Environmental Science

Services Administration, in close cooperation w i t h the

Department of Agriculture, take the lead in the development

and conduct of a program to understand the basic

physics of hail-producing storms, and of hail-suppression

mechanisms. I recommend that, as the necessary s c i e n t i f i c

rationale is developed, the Department of Agriculture take

the lead in conducting large-scale field experiments in

h a i l suppression, p a r t i c u l a r l y in the western plains area

where h a i l damage to agriculture is m o s t severe. Should

t h i s become achievable in the 1970 t i m e period, the total

Department of Agriculture weather modification budget for

FY 1970 would have to be larger than the $7M indicated

e a r l i e r .

The ecological and supporting research portion of

the program includes three areas: biological responses

to weather modification, boundary-layer energy exchange,

and remote sensing in support of weather modification.

A t present, there is l i t t l e work under way in the f i r s t

area, and only modest, early efforts e x i s t i n the last

two.

I feel t h a t Agriculture’s experience and in-house

capabilities in such areas as ecology, boundary-layer

energy exchange, and basic research in support of t h e i r

excellent lightning suppression program require augmentation.

These efforts are pertinent t o a program of weather

modification research and application, and are otherwise

part of the Agriculture mission. In some regards, however,

I do have concern. Field observations related to changes

i n species brought about through weather m o d i f i c a t i o n , f o r

example, i n v o l v e considerable u n c e r t a i n t i e s r e l a t i v e to

the s p e c i f i c r e s u l t s of weather m o d i f i c a t i o n . It is very

i m p o r t a n t , theref ore, t o e s t a b l i s h e a r l y the n e c e s s a r y

baseline data for later comparisons and a n a l y s e s .

S i m i l a r l y , a program i n boundary l a y e r e f f e c t s g e n e r a t e d

through weather m o d i f i c a t i o n must deal with d i f f i c u l t i e s

of e s t a b l i s h i n g f i r m l y a t r u e cause-and-effect r e l a t i o n –

s h i p .

I conclude t h a t the budget submission by Agricult

u r e f o r research i n the e c o l o g i c a l and s u p p o r t i n g research

p o r t i o n s of the program is i n excess of the present

c a p a b i l i t y .

these fundamental areas is d e s i r a b l e and should be

supported.

N e v e r t h e l e s s , I feel that growth i n

Department of I n t e r i o r Proqram

I recommend a Department of I n t e r i o r budget f o r

weather m o d i f i c a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s of about $3M i n FY 1967

growing to about $35M i n FY 1970, i n c l u d i n g needed

f a c i l i t i e s and o p e r a t i o n . The main t h r u s t of I n t e r i o r ‚ s

program is i n t h e area of p r e c i p i t a t i o n augmentation.

The Department of I n t e r i o r has been a s s i g n e d n a t i o n a l

w a t e r r e s o u r c e management r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , and thus an

effort i n t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n of the w a t e r

r e s o u r c e is c l e a r l y an I n t e r i o r mission and is i n t h e

n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t .

The s i n g u l a r o b j e c t i v e of Interior’s Atmospheric

Water Resources Program has been to a s c e r t a i n the t e c h n i –

cal and economic f e a s i b i l i t y of i n c r e a s i n g the w a t e r

supply for Bureau of Reclamation p r o j e c t s through

weather m o d i f i c a t i o n . Research r e s u l t s to d a t e show

s u f f i c i e n t promise that t h e program has been r e o r i e n t e d

to reflect t h e e v e n t u a l goal of t h e „effective,

beneficial u t i l i z a t i o n of the nation’s atmospheric

w a t e r resources. ‚ I *

The program to gate has included, appropriately,

cloud-seeding e f f o r t s , research involving the acquisit

i o n of f i e l d data i n a l l the experimental areas, and

climatology.

I n t e r i o r ‚ s program has concentrated on a number of

f i e l d experiments in the western states. A program a t

the University of Wyoming devoted to the study of cap

clouds has produced amounts of w a t e r which appear to

offer promise of economic significance. I n t e r i o r ‚ s

Basin program ranges f r o m theoretical studies of cloud

physics t o actual modification operations, and includes

the development of instrumentation and data acquisition

systems.

The Southern Sierra program has studied the effectiveness

of cloud seeding i n t h a t specialized area.

The Pacific Northwest program has included experiments

on s h i f t i n g p r e c i p i t a t i o n from areas of surplus to

areas of d e f i c i t .

In Washington and Oregon the windward slopes of

coastal mountains receive large amounts of precipitation,

the run-off of w h i c h returns to the ocean unused.

Farther inland, there are areas where the p r e c i p i t a t i o n

is less than one tenth as great. I f it w e r e possible

t o s h i f t some of the l o s t p r e c i p i t a t i o n , the economic

benefit would be great.

The research program submitted by I n t e r i o r t o ICAS

r e f l e c t s q u i t e w e l l a l l areas of study that w i l l be

required t o support proposed intensive f i e l d experiments

*Plans for the Department of I n t e r i o r ‚ s Atmospheric

Water Resources Program, presented to ICAS on May 13,

1966.

i n p r e c i p i t a t i o n augmentation such as those mentioned

above. I conclude t h a t the program is soundly based,

is being competently carried out, is of benefit to the

country, and should be continued. I f e e l that the

proposed r a t e s of growth exceed I n t e r i o r ‚ s in-house

and potential contractor capability and I recommend the

l o w e r rate of growth for this research area corresponding

t o the budget figures given above.

The supporting budget material submitted t o the

Panel discussed the establishment of f i e l d laboratories

which would include the following necessary f a c i l i t i e s :

radar and rawinsonde i n s t a l l a t i o n s , balloon i n f l a t i o n

s h e l t e r s , repair shops, a i r p o r t s , temporary housing,

etc. I feel t h a t the establishment of an extensive

~ets-mrk of such field s t a t i o n s is appropriate technically

and eventually should be accomplished within the Department

of I n t e r i o r ‚ s mission. I estimate that not more than

t e n field sites are consistent with the apparent potent

i a l i t i e s of the Department-of Interior through the

FY 1970 t i m e period. The cost per field site as deduced

from the material provided by Interior is approximately

2% million d o l l a r s including such equipment i t e m s as

weather radar, rawinsondes, telemetry sets, tracer

dispensers, and a total of about eight twin engine aircraft

f o r the t e n f i e l d sites. This equipment is

representative of the proposed site implementation set

f o r t h i n the material supplied by I n t e r i o r .

I recommend t h a t I n t e r i o r collaborate w i t h ESSA i n

accomplishing I n t e r i o r ‚ s mission of augmenting precipitat

i o n in the eastern or northeastern sector of the country.

I believe t h a t there are s i g n i f i c a n t advantages t o

I n t e r i o r ‚ s developing a f i r m , c l e a r l y defined agreement

with ESSA t o accomplish t h i s collaborative e f f o r t . Such

an arrangement would spread the base of the government’s

experience i n t h i s field. It would permit ESSA to

integrate the precipitation augmentation a c t i v i t y w i t h

a broader program of research on the physics and

dynamics of weather modification and with weather

research i n general. Also, it would provide I n t e r i o r

w i t h valuable assistance in its important w a t e r ‚

resources program. If such a collaboration with ESSA

is arranged, ESSA’s assistance may p e r m i t acceleration

of the p r e c i p i t a t i o n augmentation program, which in

turn would require e a r l i e r increases in the I n t e r i o r

budget than are indicated i n the curve of App. VI.

The collaboration recommended above is one example

of how t w o agencies may profitably work together to

achieve t h e i r respective goals. It may be expected t h a t

many such opportunities w i l l a r i s e i n the weather

modification program, and f u l l advantage should be taken

of those opportunities. The development and operation of

a large-scale weather simulation f a c i l i t y w i l l b e n e f i t

from multiagency collaboration i n its design and use.

Although I recommend below t h a t ESSA be the prime mover

in the area of severe s t o r m modification, it is recognized

that I n t e r i o r and Agriculture have an ultimate i n t e r e s t

here, and one can foresee the p o s s i b i l i t y of collaborative

e f f o r t s among ESSA, I n t e r i o r , and Agriculture.

Like the Department of Agriculture, the Department of

I n t e r i o r has an interest in and concern w i t h the ecological

e f f e c t s of weather modification. I n planning for programs

i n atmospheric w a t e r resources, the Department is including

provision for appropriate studies in this area.

ESSA Proqram

I recommend a weather modification budget for ESSA

of about $1.5M i n FY 1967, r i s i n g t o about $25M in

FY 1970. I support the program content, but question

the proposed rate of growth t o $20M in FY 1968. While

ESSA demonstrated the necessary d i v e r s i t y of in-house

t a l e n t , I am unable t o judge whether ESSA is able to

reassign a l l the needed personnel from other areas to

the weather modification e f f o r t .

The proposed ESSA program is a broad research and

development effort of significant magnitude and content.

It covers the many areas that must be understood to

attack and solve the problem of attaining beneficial

weather control. The following technical areas, from

a list provided by ESSA, illustrate the breadth of the

proposed effort: cloud physics; atmospheric electricity;

statistical design and evaluation; hurricane structure

and modification; severe local storm structure; atmospheric

contamination; inadvertent modification; computer

modeling; global cloud analysis, primarily satellite

work; drought and climatic variations: atmosphere

radiation and heat balance; sea/air interaction;

transport and diffusion plume tracing; specialized

instrument development: hydrometeorology; socioeconomics

; and ecology.

I believe that a broad research and development

effort of the general content of the proposed ESSA

program is essential to a significant national weather

modification effort. I recommend that ESSA have the

responsibility for the research and development that

is essential to a viable national weather modification

program, supplementing and integrating the research

programs of the mission-oriented agencies. But, I

recommend that ESSA not duplicate the programs of the

mission-oriented agencies discussed above, and the

basic research programs of NSF discussed below. I

strongly support the ESSA mission responsibility in

areas such as severe storm suppression, hurricane

modification, and large-scale long-range atmospheric

modeling.

The following areas are considered essential for

establishing the broad base of research necessary for

the national weather modification effort.

tions given below were extracted from the material

provided by ESSA. The recommended funding permits

inclusion of these activities in the ESSA program.

The descrip20

1. Modification of Winter Lake Storms: These

storms form in early winter when shallow continental

cold air b l o w s across the unfrozen lakes, picking up

moisture from the warm water surface. The local

character of the storm would permit over-seeding and

r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of the precipitation.

‚ 2. Modification of Colloidal S t a b i l i t y : An

attempt would be made to seed t r o p i c a l m a r i t i m e clouds

with condensation nuclei i n order to increase t h e i r

colloidal s t a b i l i t y and to prevent rain. This a c t i v i t y

may enter a semi-operational state during FY 1972.

3. A q I Diffusion: This project supplements the

research under i t e m 1 above. It is believed t h a t the

v e r t i c a l diffusion of AgI can be studied in the winter

in the Great Lakes Region during presence of extended

supercooled cloud layers. AgI w i l l be generated i n

great concentrations a t the surface. The analysis of

its e f f e c t on the cloud deck w i l l be done by radar.

4. Cumulus D y n a m i c s : This is part of Project

Storm Fury. It involves the continued study of cumulus

dynamics by means of the release of heat of fusion

through seeding with pyrotechnics. A two-year cycle of

randomized f i e l d experimentation is foreseen in the

Barbados Island area, which permits study of both

m a r i t i m e and continental clouds.

5. Hail Suppression: Several approaches are

contemplated: (a) a f i e l d project t o study hailstone

s t r u c t u r e t o determine where i n the cloud the hailstone

originated, (b) airborne studies of hailstorms t o

assess the r e l a t i v e significance of mothercloud and

a n v i l i n the hail process, and (c) radar studies to

analyze further the „anatomy“ of the hailstorm.

A r e a s of a c t i v i t y w i l l be Norman, Oklahoma;

Boulder, Colorado: and F l a g s t a f f , Arizona.

6. Inadvertent Modification: Inadvertent modification

of the weather occurs because of pollution of the

atmosphere by a r t i f i c i a l gaseous and p a r t i c u l a t e constituents,

and changes in surface character and albedo due t c ?

agriculture and construction. The effects of air pollution

become apparent in three areas:

optics, and e l e c t r i c i t y , a l l of which are studied in this

program.

atmospheric chemistry,

(a) Benchmark Proqram: The concentration of

atmospheric constituents, naturally and a r t i f i c i a l l y

generated, w i l l be measured a t various locations. The

Mauna Loa Observatory and the Boulder s t a t i o n s w i l l

take p a r t i n the f u l l program. Other s t a t i o n s may be

selected i n the Eastern U.S. and in the northern and

southern hemispheres.

monitoring 03 and C02 contents. The first phase w i l l

concern itself with the development of a CO2 monitoring

method. Eventually, the concentrations of sulphates,

nitrates, chlorides, and biological contaminants w i l l

also be monitored.

The program w i l l begin by

(b) Albedo, t u r b i d i t y , radiation, aerosols :

It is planned t o start on a systematic research program

t o study these parameters.

planned t o study the e l e c t r i c a l parameters (potential

gradient, conductivity, air-earth current) of the undisturbed

weather using radiosondes already developed.

These parameters may prove t o be a powerful tool for

monitoring natural and a r t i f i c i a l air pollution.

7. Study of Rain and Snow Precipitation: The

importance of the concentration of p r e c i p i t a t i o n

p a r t i c l e s f o r effective rainout must be studied. It

is planned t o conduct f i e l d experiments using radar, and

raindrop spectrometers, and t o develop t h e o r e t i c a l

p r e c i p i t a t i o n models.

Research under t h i s project w i 11 probably require

many years.

8. Laboratory Studies: A number of in-house studies

are planned:

(a) Construction of a f l u i d m o d e l for the study

of influx c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t o tornadic storms.

(b) Nucleation studieg : Studies are planned

t o learn more about the action of s i l v e r iodide as a

freezing or as a sublimation nucleus, and about its

aging under i r r a d i a t i o n by the sun.

studies, various other nucleating agents, such as lead

oxide, w i l l be investigated. This may lead t o the discovery

of less expensive materials with a d i s p e r s a b i l i t y equivalent

t o AgI , and usable in pyrotechnic dispensers.

I n addition to these

9. Water Budget of Storms: L i t t l e is known of the

w a t e r budget of e x t r a t r o p i c a l storms.

E l l i o t t , and A t l a s , and by Wexler indicate t h a t w a t e r

storage occurs in such storms and that therefore chances

of rain augmentation e x i s t .

however are missing. The same is true of convective

storms.

an analysis e x i s t (by Braham), while the w a t e r budget

of hailstorms or tornados is unknown. One analysis of

the influx of air i n t o these storms gave values of more

than 100 cubic kilometers in one minute.

Analyses by Bradbury,

Systematic investigations

Only for the case of air m a s s thunderstorms does

Plans call for a diversified approach. In the

i n i t i a l phase the total precipitable w a t e r w i l l be studied

using a network of e x i s t i n g U.S. weather instruments.

This study w i l l be designed t o furnish the influx of

vapor across the shores of the Gulf of Mexico for c e r t a i n

weather s i t u a t i o n s , or f r o m the Gulf of California, for

instance, f o r t h e short period of the summer monsoon

which is so important t o Arizona. The second phase

calls for a meteorologic analytic study of the w a t e r

budget of storms, supplemented by a i r c r a f t and radiosonde

network data collection.

10. Fair weather Cumulus Studies: There has been

considerable progress in computer modeling of cumulus

convection. Further progress requires the input of

data measured inside cumulus clouds. It is intended to

initiate a program of in-cloud measurements using novel

instrumentation, Temperature will be measured using

remote IR techniques from the penetrating aircraft: other

parameters, e.g. updraft and liquid content, will be

measured as instrumentation is developed.

11. Atmospheric Chemistry: This project is geared

to the application of chemical analysis methods to atmospheric

physics. It is intended to measure, record, and

analyze the chemical constituents of clouds, rain, and

other precipitation. Ion conductivity, pH value, and ion

identity, are some of the parameters which will be recorded

at mountain stations as well as on aircraft.

12. Instrument Development: Instruments must be

developed to perform over the whole range of atmospheric

parameters for use in aircraft as well as on the ground.

Other equally important areas of investigation will

arise as the entire program gets moving. I believe that

projects in the above areas of basic research can now

be implemented and are within the technical capability

of ESSA.

An important recommendation of the National Academy

of Sciences was „the early establishment of several carefully

designed, randomized, seeding experiments, planned

in such a way as to permit assessment of the seedability

of a variety of storm types.“* One of these should be in

the eastern sector of the U.S. As noted above under the

*Final Report of the Panel on Weather and Climate

Modification to the Committee on Atmospheric Sciences,

National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council;

„Weather and Climate Modification, Problems and Prospects,

volume I- SUImtary and Recommendations, Publication No. 13508

1966, pg 23.

section on I n t e r i o r , I propose t h a t I n t e r i o r collaborate

w i t h ESSA on a large-scale f i e l d program in p r e c i p i t a t i o n

augmentation in the e a s t e r n o r northeastern section i n

keeping with the concept t h a t the Department of Interior

has mission r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n water resources enhancement

while ESSA should conduct a broad program of exploratory

research into the potentials and s c i e n t i f i c bases for

weather modification. A very important reason t h a t ESSA

undertake t h i s work with I n t e r i o r under a memorandum of

understanding is so t h a t ESSA may integrate t h i s a c t i v i t y

with t h e i r broader program of research on the physics and

dynamics of weather,

The ESSA ongoing e f f o r t s in severe storms and

hurricane research, and the development and use of the

Norman, Oklahoma, f a c i l i t y , should be augmented a t about

the rate proposed by ESSA.

The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) has a

comprehensive observational f a c i l i t y used t o define

b e t t e r the conditions which spawn severe storms, the

local circulations which are the storm, and the associated

budgets of w a t e r substance and energy, During the

observational period April-June 1966, this included

calibrated Doppler and conventional radars, networks of

56 surface weather s t a t i o n s , 175 raingages, 10 radiosonde

s t a t i o n s provided by the U. S. A i r Force and the

U. S. Army, and a 1600-foot instrumented television

tower, cloud cameras, and several instrumented a i r c r a f t

of ESSA and USAF. A lightning locating system is under

development also, in order t h a t the electrical energy

of storms can be correlated w i t h tornado development

and the d i s t r i b u t i o n of p r e c i p i t a t i o n revealed by radar.

ESSA feels that a more accurate description of the

storms can be obtained by i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the observat

i o n s i n light of constraining principles of m a s s

continuity and energy conservation or conversion,

In addition t o t h e o r e t i c a l studies and data analysis,

some important present and planned e f f o r t s are:

Round-the-clock radar surveillance and

data recording. This should provide means

for determining associations among severe

storm occurrences and topography, t i m e of

day, season, and synoptic meteorological

parameters, and w i l l provide a body of cont

r o l data for the better evaluation of

attempts by NSSL and other agencies t o

.modify Oklahoma storms.

Continued development of computer programs

for processing the voluminous radar and mesonetwork

data.

I n s t a l l a t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l mesonetwork surface

s t a t i o n s between existing ones now located 10

to 15 m i l e s apart. Additional stations are

needed to record adequately the scales of motion

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of severe s t o r m s .

Construction of a l0cm-Doppler radar for

improved velocity measuring capability at

longer range.

Development of improved means for direct d i g i t a l

recording and processing of conventional and

Doppler radar data.

S c i e n t i s t s at the National Hurricane Research Laboratory,

M i a m i , Florida, and cooperating groups are studying

the hurricane and its environment, and other t r o p i c a l

c i r c u l a t i o n s t h a t e i t h e r may become a hurricane or a f f e c t

the development of one. The following discussion furnished

by ESSA gives the rationale for the hurricane research

program.

We can now describe the structure of a

m a t u r e hurricane in great d e t a i l and can even

estimate probable variations in the structure

w i t h t i m e in the same hurricane or between

hurricanes. Our knowledge of the s t r u c t u r e

of developing and dissipating t r o p i c a l

cyclones is less complete, but even in

these cases many data have been collected

and analyzed.

G r e a t advances have been made i n recent

years i n developing mathematical models of

hurricanes. The most advanced of these

models is now being used f o r p a r t i a l l y

evaluating simple modification hypotheses.

I n s p i t e of a l l the progress t h a t has been

made in hurricane research i n recent years,

much needs t o be done before we can (1) gain

an adequate understanding of many details of

the energy processes in hurricanes, (2) s a t i s –

f a c t o r i l y explain or predict the formation

and i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n of t r o p i c a l cyclones, or

(3) develop realistic and accurate dynamical

numerical models of hurricanes.

When we can simulate a hurricane w i t h a good

numerical model we w i l l have accomplished a

major breakthrough in the e f f o r t s to find a

technique for modifying these storms. Two

of the major deficiencies in the hurricane

models currently being tested are the

mathematical formulations both for the

f r i c t i o n layer and for the transfer of

energy between the earth and the atmosphere

and through the lower layers of the atmosphere.

of these processes is greatly improved, it

is doubtful i f we w i l l be able t o simulate

a hurricane w i t h a t r u l y s a t i s f a c t o r y

numerical model.

Until our knowledge and understanding

We would have a b e t t e r chance of developing

good mathematical formulations for the

hurricane f r i c t i o n layer and for the transfer

of energy if we had the r i g h t kind of data

for t e s t i n g the formulations t h a t are proposed,

We need t o know the rate and means of the

transfer of momentum, sensible heat, and water

vapor with its l a t e n t heat. We should be able

t o determine these things i f we had good

measurements of the vertical and horizontal

wind components, temperature, and humidity a t

a number of levels from sea level up through

the first few thousand feet of atmosphere.

These data are needed for the turbulent as well

as the l a r g e r s c a l e s of motion.

Efforts t o acquire a better understanding of

the genesis process, and to develop techniques

for predicting hurricane formation and further

i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n are likewise handicapped by

lack of data. This is due t o the f a c t t h a t

the favored genesis areas are outside the

conventional data networks, Some of the needed

data can be obtained by research a i r c r a f t .

Collection of these data could be greatly

accelerated, however, with more a i r c r a f t of

greater range. The improved weather s a t e l l i t e s

are already helping this data collection e f f o r t

and the synchronous s a t e l l i t e should be of

great assistance.

experiment and the improved data collection

e f f o r t s proposed for the World Weather Watch

w i l l also be useful.

It is hoped t h a t the t r o p i c a l

Along w i t h the increased e f f o r t s a t specialized

c o l l e c t i o n , there should be more t h e o r e t i c a l

investigations.

the study of the hurricane but also the other

circulations in the tropics. It is unlikely t h a t

we w i l l ever f u l l y understand the hurricane

u n t i l we have a b e t t e r understanding of its

environment.

These should include not only

A s a note of caution, I f e e l a point should be made

on the complexity of the proposed research. As i l l u s t r a t e d

by c u r r e n t progress with Project storm Fury, the probab

i l i t y of acquiring a hurricane for modification purp0se.c

at t h i s t i m e s e e m s t o be about three storms every two

years. Indeed, current e f f o r t s have yet to acquire thc

first such storm w e l l into the second year of operation.

For hurricane studies and possible modification, expensive

f a c i l i t i e s such as f l i g h t research a i r c r a f t are required

on a seasonal basis, with the understanding t h a t natural

variance in the desired weather pattern prohibits a

prediction of how long such research must be continued

before meaningful r e s u l t s can be expected.

I recommend t h a t the proposed e f f o r t by ESSA i n the

areas of severe storm and hurricane research be supported

and pursued vigorously.

NSF Proqram

I recommend an increase in the National Science

Foundation (NSF) weather modification budget to about $5M

in FY 1967, growing t o $20M in FY 1970. The FY 1970 figure

includes $10M for the construction of a large-scale simulation

f a c i l i t y for basic research in cloud physics t o be

erected and operated by the National Center for Atmospheric

Research JNCAR), I f planning for the f a c i l i t y moves rapidly,

some of the $10M might be needed earlier than FY 1970.

The National Science Foundation proposes t o increase

the support of basic and closely associated applied research

which is appropriate and fundamental t o any program of

weather modification. The NSF program should be directed

toward three important objectives: (1) the establishment

of a sound s c i e n t i f i c foundation for an i n t e n s i f i e d program

of weather modification, (2) the substantial involvement of

universities in t h i s area of research, and (3) the production

of substantial numbers of new highly trained people for

t h i s work. NSF does not plan to and “ w i l l not duplicate

research performed by mission agencies, but w i l l support

research i n those multi-discipline areas which w i l l

supplement or extend other weather modification research

already underway and w i l l develop the nation’s resources

of knowledge and manpower in new and imaginative areas.““

The NSF research program t o be conducted primarily

a t u n i v e r s i t i e s and NCAR w i l l include the following areas

of research:

1. Cloud Dynamics: B a s i c studies w i l l be continued

on the motions of clouds, and the e f f e c t s upon t h e i r

growth or decay produced by the release or absorption of

the heat of condensation and heat of fusion which may be

produced or induced by natural or a r t i f i c i a l stimulus.

These stuLies w i l l be carried on through actual observations

of clouds in t h e i r natural environment, i n s i m c l a –

t i o n chambers in the laboratory, or by t h e o r e t i c a l models

using high speed computers.

2. Ice Formation in Clouds: The role of the

formation of ice i n clouds i n producing raindrop formation

w i l l be intensively studied. The mechanism whereby

atmospheric nuclei, both natural and a r t i f i c i a l , become

e f f e c t i v e i n freezing supercooled droplets w i l l be further

studied, and the importance of t h i s process in competition

w i t h coalescence and sublimation w i l l be assessed. The

means whereby ice c r y s t a l s grow to hailstone s i z e i n

severe storms w i l l also receive a t t e n t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y as

it relates t o possible control mechanisms.

3. Coalescence: The process whereby cloud p a r t i c l e s

combine to f o r m raindrops in warm clouds w i l l be studied.

The r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h i s process to the quantity and

effectiveness of n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l l y introduced

condensation nuclei w i l l be observed using airborne

* „Critique by Presenter“ enclosure to June 28, 1966, NSF

letter t o Homer E. Newell signedby P.H. Wyckoff, Program

Director for Weather Modification.

instrumentation in the field, in cloud chambers or cloud

tunnels i n the laboratory, or by t h e o r e t i c a l considerations

using mathematical models. The contribution of electrical

forces to coalescence processes w i l l also be studied.

4. Cloud E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n : The mechanism of charge

generation in clouds w i l l be studied in natural clouds

containing either supercooled w a t e r or ice. The e f f e c t

of freezing of cloud droplets on the orientation and

location of charge centers w i l l be observed. The e f f e c t

of charge transfer upon the structure and dynamics of

the cloud before and a f t e r lightning stroke formation w i l l

be assessed.

5 . Computer Analysis: Advances w i l l be made i n

computer technology i n the u n i v e r s i t i e s and at NCAR t o

permit m o r e accurate mathematical modeling of the large

scale motions of the e a r t h ‚ s atmosphere leading t o the

evaluation of possible p r a c t i c a l techniques for a more

desirable d i s t r i b u t i o n of moisture bearing air masses

over drought areas or regions of p r e c i p i t a t i o n excess.

The accompanying long-term changes i n climatic s t r u c t u r e

w i l l also be carefully considered.

6. Socio-Economic, Leqal, and Ecoloqical Consequences

of Weather and Climate Modification: The recommendations

of the NSF Special Commission on Weather Modification t o

assess the social, economic, legal and ecological e f f e c t

of weather modification upon society w i l l be the object

of intensive research in order t o i s o l a t e and evaluate

those c r i t i c a l factors which w i l l produce the most

s i g n i f i c a n t impact upon society due t o the successful

application of weather and climate modification techniques

by mission agencies.

The university research in weather modification t o be

supported by NSF provides the primary mechanism for producing

the numbers of trained scientists that the t o t a l program w i l l

require. Excessive funding from NSF, however, would

monopolize a major source of qualified personnel t h a t the

other agency programs must r e l y on. I recommend, therefore,

a funding l e v e l f o r NSF s u f f i c i e n t to support about half of

what NSF estimates t o be the t o t a l capacity of the

academic community i n the area of weather modification

i n addition t o a c t i v i t i e s a t NCAR. This level of support

would c l e a r l y permit NSF t o fund programs adequately t h a t

are now being „stretched“ and would provide the stimulus

needed t o better s a t i s f y the NSF program stated above. I

recommend further, because of the fundamental importance of

achieving the three objectives as early as possible, that

the NSF budget be increased immediately t o the levels

suggested above.

Capital F a c i l i t i e s

I support, in general, the agency proposals

for extensive c a p i t a l f a c i l i t i e s which are necessary

to carry out research and development as w e l l as

operational missions. Such f a c i l i t i e s include a i r c r a f t ,

extensive f i e l d i n s t a l l a t i o n s consisting of meteorological

sensor networks and data analysis f a c i l i t i e s , large

laboratory i n s t a l l a t i o n s (cloud chambers, etc.), and highspeed,

large-capacity d i g i t a l computers for modeling of

atmospheric processes. Allocation of f a c i l i t i e s should

be based on the following principles:

1. If a major f a c i l i t y serves a special missionoriented

purpose and full-time use can be

juskified for t h a t purpose, the f a c i l i t y should

be established and operated by the s p e c i f i c

element of the agency charged with that mission.

For example: Small a i r c r a f t and f i e l d sites

f u l l y used by the Department of Agriculture in

t h e i r lightning suppression mission should be

established and operated by the Department of

Agriculture as part of that mission. I n general,

radiosonde balloons, small-scale laboratory and

computing f a c i l i t i e s , and individual a i r c r a f t

should be contained in the specific missions

where they are needed.

These considerations are reflected in my conclusions

and recommendations set forth in the

preceding sections,

2. If a f a c i l i t y is not used for one specific

mission, but can be j u s t i f i e d on a full-time

use basis for general weather modification

purposes by one single agency, that agency

should establish and operate the f a c i l i t y .

For example: I support the establishment and

operation of appropriate a i r c r a f t and f a c i l i t i e s

by the Department of I n t e r i o r t o execute their precipit

a t i o n augmentation mission, I also support the u l t i –

mate establishment by ESSA of a general purpose fleet

of aircraft for use in t h a t agency’s diversified R&D

and mission programs.

3 . I f a f a c i l i t y is for general-purpose use, but

is so extensive t h a t full-time use cannot be

j u s t i f i e d by a s i n g l e agency, then the use of the

f a c i l i t y w i l l have t o be shared by the agencies

and the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for its establishment and

operation should be assigned on a case-by-case

basis.

Specifically, the major f i e l d sites, large cloud

chambers, large-scale computers, and large-scale

integrated f l y i n g l a b o r a t o r i e s f a l l into t h i s

category .

In assigning responsibility for these facilities

consideration also should be given to their use

by individual agencies for purposes other than

weather modification.

I recommend that ESSA’s proposed program for

field facilities, in addition to the Norman,

Oklahoma facility, be conducted with due regard

for the mission needs of the Department of

Interior. Specifically, the first step in this

expansion should be a general purpose field

facility in the Northeastern United States.

ESSA should establish and operate the site not

only for ESSA’s research, but also in collaboration

with the Department of the Interior, and the

facility should be shared between at least thzse

two agencies.

The development of an understanding of the basic

physics of cloud formation, dynamics, and

dissipation is of prime importance in determining

the nechanisms that can be used to modify clouds

and cloud systems. As a weather simulation

facility, the very large cloud chamber holds

promise to be a powerful tool for such investigations.

At the same time, prudence dictates that some

experience be obtained with one.such chamber before

any consideration is given to the construction of

othcrs. Because such a facility bears a very strong

relationship to university research programs and

the training of research talent, I recommend that

such a facility be established and operated by the

National Center for Atmospheric Research under

NSF sponsorship. On the other hand, because of

the importance to other agencies of the research

to be done with the cloud chamber, I recommend

that NSF associate the other agencies with NSF

in the planning and design of the chamber,and

in its use after construction.

The present-day operation in modeling techniques

and numerical forecasting procedures indicates .

that a large-scale, yet t o be developed, computer

may well be required. The planning of industry

i n regard to large computers needs t o be known.

A l s o , the basic research of the programs recommended

earlier in t h i s report should c l a r i f y

the role of such computers, and may indeed remove

some of the need for them. H e r e again,

however, I recommend a careful planning phase.

I also recommend t h a t ESSA should establish and

operate large-scale d i g i t a l computers for the

purpose of applying atmospheric circulation models

t o weather modification. It is expected t h a t

establishment and operation of these computing

f a c i l i t i e s could be funded a t least p a r t i a l l y

by, and shared with, other programs within ESSA.

While I f e e l that a large mobile f l i g h t f a c i l i t y , for

both weather and weather modification research is

important t o the long range development of these

f i e l d s , I am unable t o determine a t t h i s t i m e what

would be a reasonable program for the establishment

of such a f a c i l i t y . I believe it would be w i s e t o

follow a step-by-step process of a r r i v i n g a t an

optinum large-scale f l i g h t f a c i l i t y , i n which the

development and use by individual agencies of t h e i r

own necessary smaller-scale f l i g h t facilities would

be v3luable learning steps. I feel t h a t the latter

should not be neglected in t h e h a s t e to bring a

large-scale f a c i l i t y i n t o being. I recommend

that work toward the large-scale f l i g h t f a c i l i t y

remain largely in the study and planning stage

for the t i m e being.

Coordination and Reportinq

A s indicated by the present early planning, research

and applications of weather modification are broad and

varied i n scope, and have the interest of many agencies.

Even a t t h i s stage coordination is imperative, and with

the passage of time coordination w i l l become ever more

important t o sound planning and e f f e c t i v e execution

of the program. It is clear t l i a t research and applications

of weather modification are closely r e l a t e d t o

meteorological services and supporting research; indeed,

it would be an a r t i f i c i a l i t y to attempt to separate them.

Hence, I recommend t h a t the Federal Coordinator, who

already has r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r coordination and reporting

i n t h i s area of meteorology, undertake coordination of the

Natj.ona1 Weather Modification Program in addition t o the

coordination of national a c t i v i t i e s in meteorology;

By „coordination“ I mean largely „correlation,

including documenting and tabulating i n one place, and

analyzing existing government program a c t i v i t y , providing

for a l l concerned a continuing v i s i b i l i t y of the

whole national weather modification e f f o r t . It is

intended t o assign the same kind of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n

weather modification t h a t the Federal Coordinator now

has for meteorology. Such a w e l l organized program of

c e n t r a l correlation of program a c t i v i t i e s may be expected

t o lead to agreements and arrangements among the agencies

on such things a s j o i n t purchase of materials and equipments,

common support and use of f a c i l i t i e s , j o i n t f i e l d

operations, elimination of undesirable duplications i n the

establishment of observing nets, e t c . It is not intended

t o give the Federal Coordinator r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r program

planning or control. These would continue t o be the

r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of the operating agencies and under the

review of ICAS. The overall r e s u l t would be an e f f e c t i v e l y

coordinated program.

I also f e e l t h a t the Federal Coordinator for

Meteorology should be assigned the task of preparing

and submitting an annual report on national weather

modification a c t i v i t i e s . This reporting assignment

is a t present by law given to the National Science

Foundation. I believe t h a t it is desirable t o relieve

NSF of t h i s burden. For one thing, the principal

future of weather modification a c t i v i t i e s is directed

toward applied research and operations, which are not

and should not be i n the mainstream of NSF’s responsib

i l i t i e s for basic research. Secondly, as has already

been pointed out, weather modification research and

operations are inextricably interwoven with meteorological

service and supporting research. Requiring the

Federal Coordinator for Meteorology t o report on the

national weather modification e f f o r t , therefore, appears

to be a natural step.

Requlation and Control

As brought out c l e a r l y by the NSF Special Commission

Reports ( R e f s . 2 and 3 ) , the subject of regulation and

control i n weather modification is a complex and urgent

one. I do not f e e l t h a t I can recommend a s p e c i f i c

organization to be assigned the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for

regulation and control of weather modification a c t i v i –

ties. I do, however, have a few related recommendations.

I f e e l very strongly t h a t the regulating body must

not be one of the operating agencies p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n

the National Weather Modification Program. To assign

t h i s responsibility to one of these agencies would

immediately generate c o n f l i c t s of i n t e r e s t , sow the

seeds of dissension, and doom the e f f o r t s a t regulation

and control t o endless f r E s t r a t i o n .

I feel that the regulating body should not be the

Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences

(ICAS). In my view, the regulation and control function

w i l l be a full-time task for a modest s t a f f of people,

p a r t i c u l a r l y , as the national weather modification e f f o r t

increases and as a c t i v i t i e s become international i n scope.

ICAS is in no position to undertake such a full-time

assignment. Moreover, many of the conflict-of-interest

problems t h a t arise in the case of assigning the function

t o one of the operating agencies would also e x i s t in

such an assignment t o ICAS.

were the Office of the Federal Coordinator for

Meteorology m o r e c l e a r l y separate from ESSA, and perhaps

even from the Department of Commerce, one might assign

t h i s task to the Federal Coordinator.

strongly, however, t h a t the present r e l a t i o n s between

the Federal Coordinator I s off ice and ESSA are s u f f i c i e n t l y

ambivalent to make the assignment of the regulation

and control function to the Federal Coordinator an

unwise step.

I feel very

International Implications

By approximately 1972, when large-scale weather

modification experiments may w e l l be operational, they

may be expected t o have considerable international

impact. T h i s impact w i l l be twofold:

(1)

geographically more extensive, there w i l l be

a need for coordinating such operations w i t h

nations whose t e r r i t o r i e s are affected by

those operations. I f experiments take place

over oceans there may be a c o n f l i c t w i t h

weather modification experiments by other

nations. This is e s s e n t i a l l y a question

of regulation and coordination. It is not

expected that an international regulatory

body w i l l e x i s t by that time. Indeed, e f f o r t s

As experiments and operations become

t o establish an i n t e r n a t i o n a l agency t o deal

w i t h weather modification, while w e l l intended,

are l i k e l y t o be of dubious value and t o create

rather than resolve p o l i t i c a l problems–if the

experience i n nuclear energy and space is any

guide .

A more practical and constructive approach t o the

international problem–and one which should pave

rather than block the way for the necessary

experimentation–would be through b i l a t e r a l or

m u l t i l a t e r a l arrangements. I n these, the U.S.

would seek t o e s t a b l i s h the mutual i n t e r e s t of

neighboring countries in large-scale experiments

and to engage them with us in such experiments.

I n t h i s way, we could educate a growing number

of countries, e s t a b l i s h our good f a i t h , increase

the acceptability of the program in the eyes

of t h i r d countries, demonstrate values

transcending national interests, and w i n

support where required i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l forums

which may address themselves on a p o l i t i c a l

basis to the problems of weather modification.

The o f f i c e f o r regulation and control, discussed

i n the preceding section, w i l l c e r t a i n l y have

t o bz involved. National r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w i l l

have to be c l a r i f i e d and defined. This, however,

is 6 s u b j e c t outside the scope of my assignment.

(2) Benefits and potential payoffs of weather

modification experiments on a national scale

have already been discussed i n the introduction

t o t h i s report. When applied on a global scale

these benefits could increase greatly. For

example, modification and diversion of t r o p i c a l

storms or typhoons i n the Western Pacific or

Indian Ocean would r e s u l t not only in the

prevention of property damage several orders

of magnitude greater than in North America,

but also, and m o r e importantly, in the saving

of countless numbers of human lives. S i m i l a r

benefits would occur from precipitation

augmentation by relieving large areas from

the e f f e c t s of extensive droughts. Thus,

valuable experience gained i n i t i a l l y on a

smaller, national scale, may eventually be

important internationally, permitting us to

cooperate with and a s s i s t other countries in

the saving of human l i v e s and property, and

in the enhancement of human w e l f a r e . This

is another of the benefits t h a t may r e s u l t from

a vigorous national program such as t h a t discussed

in the preceding sections.

Concludinq Statement

It is believed t h a t the plan I recommend herein

would permit the development of a National Weather

Modification Program with a s a t i s f a c t o r y forward t h r u s t

at a realistic pace, would provide interested agencies

w i t h a substantial and satisfying involvement, would

make good use of the experience and i n t e r e s t of the

various agencies, is consistent w i t h assigned agency

r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , can develop into a well-coordinated

and inteGrated national program, and should avoid

p o t e n t i a l conflicts.

REFERENCES

Final Report of the Panel on Weather and Climate

Modification to the Committee on Atmospheric Sciences,

National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council;

„Weather and Climate Modification, Problems and Prospects,“

Volume I- Summary and Recommendations, Volume II- Research

and Development, Publication No. 1350, 1966

Report of the Special Commission on Weather Modification,

National Science Foundation; „Weather and Climate

Modification,“ Publication No. NSF 66-3, transmitted

to NSF December 20, 1965

Report to the Special Commission on Weather Modification,

National Science Foundation; „Weather Modification Law,

Controls, Operations,“ Publication No. NSF 66-7 (no

date)

APPENDICES

I Panel on Weather and Climate Modification to the

Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, National Academy

of Sciences-National Research Council: Membership

and Recommendations

I1 Special Commission on Weather Modification, National

Science Foundation: Membership and Recommendations

I11 Report prepared by the ICAS Select Panel on Weather

Modification; „Present and Future Plans of Federal

Agencies in Weather-Climate Modification,“ dated

June 20, 1966

IV Memorandum for Dr. Homer E. Newel1 from J. Herbert

Hollomon, Chairman, ICAS, Subject: National Weather

Modification Program, dated June 21, 1966

V NASA Panel to Study Weather Modification Activities;

Membership, Chronology of Meetings, and a Compilation

of Supporting Material used by the Panel

VI Budget Recommendations and Trends for a National

Weather Modification Program

PANEL ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE MODIFICATION

to the

Committee on Atmospheric Sciences

NAS-NRC

MEMBERSHIP

RECOMMENDATIONS

APPENDIX I

1-1

PANEL ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE MODIFICATION

to the

Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, NAS-NRC

Gordon J. F. MacDonald, University of California at Los Angeles,

Chairman

Julian H. Bigelow, Institute for Advanced Study

Jule G. Charney, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Ralph E. Huschke, The RAND Corporation

Francis S. Johnson, Southwest Center for Advanced Studies

Heinz H. Lettau, University of Wisconsin

Edward N. Lorenz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

James E. McDonald, University of Arizona

*Joanne Simpson, Environmental Science Services Administration

Joseph Smagorinsky, Environmental Science Services

Administration

Verner E. Suomi, University of Wisconsin

Edward Teller, University of California at Livermore

H. K. Weickmann, Environmental Science Services Administration

E. J. Workman, University of Hawaii

LIAISON MEMBERS

Donald L. Gilman, Environmental Science Services Administration

Edward P. Todd, National Science Foundation

*Through 1964

1-2

PANEL ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE MODIFICATION

to the

Committee on Atmospheric Sciences

National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council

AREAS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Administration and Funding of Research and Development in

Weather Modification

We recommend an immediate and thorough study of the

administration and support of research and development

in weather modification.

We recommend that immediate steps be taken by the

agencies to raise the support from the 1965 level of

$5 million to at least $30 million by 1970.

Projects in Stimulation of Precipitation

We recommend the early establishment of several carefully

designed, randomized, seeding experiments, planned

in such a way as to permit assessment of the seedability

of a variety of storm types.

We recommend, therefore, that means be found, at federal

expense if necessary, to secure much better evaluative

reports on operational programs than are currently

available.

We recommend that attention be given immediately to

careful monitoring and regulation of operational programs

for weather modification.

Re search Properties

We recommend that planning be started immediately on all

the following major field investigations:

1-3

a. A comprehensive exploration of hurricane

energetics, leading to the development of a

theoretical hurricane model and, subsequently, to

hypotheses for hurricane modification.

b. Measurement of tropical convection and other

aspects of energy-exchange processes in the tropics.

c. A comprehensive investigation of hailstorms.

d. A coordinated set of projects to measure the

dynamics and water budgets of a variety of precipitating

storm types,

pheric sciences will contribute to the goals of

weather and climate modification. Of the research

promising the most direct contributions, we recommend

that highest priority be assigned to the following

studies:

It is clear that research throughout the atmos-

initially on vapor transport ovar those

portions of the United States where the potential

of cloud seeding is important,

Studies of atmospheric water budgets,

2. Studies of boundary-layer energy-exchange

processes,

3. Continued development of theoretical

models of condensation and precipitation mechanisms,

including the early incorporation of

dynamical and electrical influences and the

effects of changes in concentrations of condensation

and freezing nuclei.

4. New and comprehensive studies of the

meteorological effects of atmospheric pollution

(including carbon dioxide) and

urbanization.

1-4

Major Research Facilities and Support Systems

We recommend that all necessary steps be taken to

encourage the computer industry to respond to these

prospective requirements.

We recommend full U.S. support and leadership in

promptly establishing an advanced global-observational

system.

We recommend that the civil research aircraft facilities

be enlarged to include diversified types of aircraft

and supporting data-gathering systems to meet the

requirements placed upon them.

Internal Aspects

We recommend that the federal agency assigned major

administrative responsibilities in this field also be

empowered to deal with the complex international

issues arising from weather-modification projects.

1-5

SPECIAL COMMISSION ON WEATHER MODIFICATION

National Science Foundation

MEMBERSHIP

RECOMMENDAT IONS

APPENDIX I1

11-1

SPECIAL COMMISSION ON WEATHER MODIFICATION

National Science Foundation

A. R. Chamberlain, Chairman, Vice President, Colorado State

University

John Bardeen, Vice Chairman, Departments of Physics and

Electrical Engineering, University of Illinois

William G. Colman, Executive Director, Advisory Commission on

Intergovernmenta 1 Re la tions

John C. Dreier, School of Advanced International Studies,

The Johns Hopkins University

Leonid Hurwicz, Department of Economics, University of

Minnesota

Thomas F. Malone, Second Vice President, Research Department,

Travelers Insurance Company

Arthur W. Murphy, Columbia University School of Law

Sumner T. Pike, Lubec, Maine

William S. von Arx, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Gilbert F. White, Department of Geograpny, University of

Chicago

Karl M. Wilbur, Department of Zoology, Duke University

11-2

SPECIAL COMMISSION ON WEATHER MODIFICATION

National Science Foundation

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Progress and Prospecks in Weather and Climate Modification

The Commission concludes that sound progress toward the

technology of weather and climate modification must be

based on four fundamental pursuits:

a. Assessment and development of an understanding

of natural climatic change.

b. Assessment of the extent and development of the

understanding of inadvertent modifications of weather

and climate.

c. Improvement of the process of weather prediction

as a social benefit and as proof of scientific

understanding of atmospheric behavior, and

d. Development of means for deliberate intervention

in atmospheric processes for weather and climate

control and evaluation of their consequences.

As steps toward these attainments the Corraissioii recommends

t k a t the following enterprises be fostered:

i. Examination of the routes, rates, and reservoirs

of water substance and energy exchanges in all aspects

of the hydrologic cycle.

2. Investigation by numerical laboratory and field

experiments of the dynamics of climate as a basic

study for weather modification technology.

11-3

3 . Advancement of weather prediction as a proof of

understanding, including support of t h i s e f f o r t by

the establishment of a global weather observation

network .

4. Broadenins 0 – the knowledge of cloud physics and

dynamics i n thc, laboratory and f i e l d , with a t t e n t i o n

to wave phenomena and an evaluation of e l e c t r i c a l

influences.

5. Study of the e f f e c t s of large scale surface

modification by numerical and laboratory models of

the oceanic and atmospheric general c i r c u l a t i o n ,

and of p r a c t i c a l means for surface modification

of the land and sea.

6. Study of the radiative e f f e c t s of changes in the

atmospheric composition and a l t e r a t i o n of its transparency

t h a t urban growth and new forms of industry,

transportation or land use may evoke.

Biological Aspects of Weather Modification

Living things are adapted to the weather t h a t actually

prevails, and any change i n t h a t weather w i l l be generally

deleterious to them.

The largest c r e d i t item for weather modification is l i k e l y

to he an increase i n primary production of the d r i e r

parts ui‘ I:he land surface through improvements i n r a i n f a l l .

Even the a b i l i t y t o control seasonal d i s t r i b u t i o n of

r a i n f a l l would lead t o more e f f i c i e n t farming operations.

Realization of the potential increasein production would

depend upon being able to modify the r a i n f a l l without

major pest outbreaks and extinction and disruption of

natural communities. It is not c e r t a i n t h a t t h i s would

be possible.

11-4

The largest weather modification debit item is likely

to spring from the decreased stability of communities,

which would manifest itself in an increase in pests,

weeds, and pathogens. The identity of the species involved

in these disruptions cannot be predicted, nor

can their cost.

For the present, weather and climate modification should

be restricted to iocal small-scale operations.

Larger scale operations, such as an attempt to increase

the rainfall of any substantial part of this country,

should not be undertaken, from a biological point of

view, in the present state of knowledge.

A l l weather modification experiments of a scale large

enough to have important biological consequences, such

a those currently envisioned for the ‚u’pper Colorado

Basin, should be preceded and accompanied by careful

ecological monitoring and computer simulation studies.

Manipulating the weather to obtain a net benefit will

demand much better understanding of the interactions of

weather, climate and organisms than now available.

Adequate understanding of the interrelationship of

weatner, climate and ecology will demand a very expensive

long-term research program. Present resources of

ecolagically trained investigators are inadequate to

ccjpe with these problems.

Tho Working Group of the Ecological Society of America,

which pri-vided background material for the Commission,

was concerned primarily with modifications of weather

systems ranging from a single cloud to an extratropical

cyclonic storm. The Working Group stated that shortterm

modifications of weather of a magnitude similar

to the fluctuations in nature are least likely to have

danqerous unforeseen consequences. If undesirable

results appear, the modifications can be discontinued.

11-5

Repeated operations on the scale mentioned are l i k e l y ,

however, t o have f a r reaching biological consequences

as pointed out i n the previous sections, and some of

t h e b i o l o g i c a l changes would not be reversible. This

advisory group recommended t h a t repeated and long t e r m

modifications of weather :lot be attempted without prior

careful and w e l l planned monitoring or computer simulation

s t u d i e s of the biolsgical consequences of particular

kinds of weather modification.

S t a t i s t i c a l Aspects of Weather Modification

S t a t i s t i c a l training for meteorologists should be

promoted i n academic programs. I n t e l l e c t u a l interchange

between scientists and s t a t i s t i c i a n s should be continued

through periodic seminars.

S t a t i s t i c a l consultants should be made available t o

s c i e n t i s t s i n t h i s f i e l d through t’ie support of conferences

where new projects can be presented, through use

of s t a t i s t i c i a n s a s evaluators of proposed work, and

through the support of task forces and advisory panels,

w i t h s t a t i s t i c i a n members, for large projects. S t a t i s t i –

cians should aid i n the evaluation of proposals for

government-supported research.

Step? should be taken to assure t h a t plans for government-

supported research u t i l i z e s t a t i s t i c a l principles

111 determination of design and s i z e .

Kewarch i n methodology should be promoted. This include;;

L;,C development and validation of s t a t i s t i c a l

models, unitormity t r i a l s and other investigations of

the s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the instrumentation

i n t h i s work.

It is urged t h a t any regulatory agency t h a t might come

into being should have a s t a f f s t a t i s t i c i a n t o guide

e f f o r t s to gather valid evidence on the magnitude and

effects of cloud seeding.

11-6

A program of carefully planned precipitation-oriented

field experiments should be carried out under complete

control of the scientists, embodying the required

technical knowledge, possessing continuity over a period

needed for conclusiveness, and on sufficient scale to

permit geographic conclusions, as well as statistical

stratification according to the type of seeding agent,

mode of injection, cloud type, etc.

The Human Effects of Weather and Climate Modification

Steps should be taken to assure that wherever field

experimentation or commercial operations are undertaken

in weather and climate modification arrangements be

made to study the social consequences.

A special panel should be established to exchange and

give c r i t i c a l review to the results of such studies.

The method of assessing impacts of weather modification

should be the subject of research looking to its refinement

and extension.

Freedom of field experimentation should be supported

by providing indemnification of Federally financed

experimenters against damage claims.

Research should be encouraged on the basic relationships

betLeen weather characteristics and human activity.

Decision rmking processes in the face of uncertainty

as to weather modification and its effects should be

subjected to careful investigation as a means of increasing

the government’s abilizy to predict the results of

alternative policies and methods for weather modification.

Interdisciplinary study of modifications which man makes

inadvertently should be encouraged.

11-7

Legal and Legislative A s p e c t s

The Commission recommends t h a t the Federal Government

by appropriate l e g i s l a t i o n be empowered to:

private — i n actual or potential c o n f l i c t with

weather and climate modification programs of the

Federal g~vernment, whether carried on by the

government i t s e l f or by its grantees or contractors;

Delay or h a l t a l l a c t i v i t i e s — public or

2. Immunize Federal agents, grantees, and cont

r a c t o r s engaged i n weather and climate modification

a c t i v i t i e s from State and local government

interference; and

3. Provide to Federal grantees and contractors

indemnification or other protection against

l i a b i l i t y t o the public for damages caused by

Federal programs of weather and c l i m a t e modification.

Weather Modification and International Relations

The Commission believes that it would be highly desirable

for the Government of the United States, in connection

with the expansion of its program of weather and climate

modification, to issue a basic statement as to how it

views the relationship of this new national effort to

the interests, hopes, and possible apprehensions of

the rest of the world. The Commission further believes

that emphasis upon international cooperation in the

development of weather and climate modification programs

will contribute substantially to scientific and technical

progress and will also serve the national purpose of

seeking to build a peaceful world order.

The Commission recommends the early enunciation of a

national policy embodying two main points: (1) that

it is the purpose of the United States, with normal and

due regard to its own basic interests, to pursue its

efforts in weather and climate modification for peaceful

ends and for the constructive improvement of conditions

of human life throughout the world: and (2) that the

United States, recognizing the interests and concerns

of other countries, welcomes and solicits their cooperation,

directly and through international arrangements, for the

achievement of that objective. This cooperation should

cover both research and operational programs of interest

to other countries. It shouid be concerned not only

with deliberate but also inadvertent human interventions

in the atmosphere that affect weather and climate. Such

a policy declaration could be issued by the President

or incorporated in any basic legislation on the subject

of weather and climate modification which the Congress

may enact.

11-9

Funding and Administration Requirements

The Commission has considered carefully the problems

attendant upon the assignment of responsibility for

weather and climate modification activities within the

Executive Branch of the Federal Government.

There are no easy solutions to these questions. The

Commissioii believes the adoption of the following

recommendations would significantly improve the effectiveness

of the Nation’s efforts in this field, and would

faciiitate the achievement of the scientific and other

objectives specified elsewhere in this report.

a. Responsibility for Research, Development, and

Operations

The Commission recommends: (1) the assignment of

the mission of developing and testing techniques

for modifying weather and climate to a single agency

in the Executive Branch of the Government – for

example to the Environmental Science Services

Administration of the Department of Commerce or to a

completely new agency organized for the purpose; (2)

tne continuance and expansion of research in the

atmospheric sciences by the National Science Foundation,

including its program directed atproviding a satistictory

scientific basis for weather and climate

nx5fication and the maintenance of the National

< t :!iiter for Atmospheric Research as a basic research

faciilty for this purpose; and (3) the conduct or

support, pursuant to Executive Order 10521, of such

basic and applied research by other Federal agencies

as is required! for their varied missions as well as

the conduct of operational activities necessary for

the accomplishment of such missions (e.g., precipitation

augmentation for the reservoir system of the

Bureau of Reclamation; lightning suppression by the

U.S. Forest Service; military applications by the

Department of Defense; etc.).

11-10

The degree of the Foundation’s special attention to

this field, includinq ?he support of related research

in other affected dir:iplines, should be reviewed

from time to time ir: the light of the progress of

the overall national program. The Foundation needs

to continue the vigorous support of basic research

in the atmospheric sciences because fundamental

k:iowledge so derived is a necessary underpinning to

technological progress in weather and climate

mcdification.

The agency assigned the mission of developing and

testing techniques for modifying weather and climate,

as a part of its overall mission, should have major

but not exclusive responsibility in collaboration

with the State Department for formulating and implementing

weather and climate modification programs

involving international collaboration with the

governments of other nations. The government ‚ s

activities in international cooperation can be

substantially assisted by the participation of the

National Academy of Sciences.

Regulation

The Commission recommends that responsibility for

appropriate Federal regulation of weather and climate

xodification activities to aid the Federal Governm

< . n t ‚ s program of research and development and to

-,;otect the general public be kept separated from

K -,.~ea lrch and development activities while assuring

prompt and full availability to such activities of

data derived from the regulation of commercial and

other operational 2ctivkties. Such a combination

night be achievc,d, for exmple, by assigning the

regulatory function to some part of the Department

cf Commerce not concerned with weather and climate

research and development.

11-11

Earlier in this report there has been discussed the

nature of minimum regulatory action which may be

required on the part of the national Government to

assure the integrity of experiments conducted by

Federal agencies or their grantees and contractors.

It should be pointed out in this connection that

Federal agencies and their contractors and grantees

themselves will necessarily be subject to some of

the same types of regulation that apply to commercial

operations. A Federal agency field experiment involving

large-scale cloud seeding for example, can

cause the same interference with other scheduled

experiments as can cloud seeding conducted by a

commercial operator.

Consequently, Federal agencies will need to be

subject to many of the rules and regulations issued

by the type of regulatory unit recommended above.

Insofar as the regulation involves requirements of

notice of experiments, licensing of activities and

the like, there would seem to be reason why all

Federal agencies should be subject thereto. The

regulating agency should also have the power to

resolve minor conflicts between agencies, such as

the precise timing of particular experiments. Any

major disagreements would involve policy and administrative

coordination as discussed below.

c. Inter-Agency Coordination of Policies and Program

Activities

The Commission recommends that there be established

within the Office of Science and Technology (OST) a

special mechanism for the coordination of weather and

climate modification programs and for recommending

such steps as may be appropriate for effecting a

unity of governmental policy in this field.

11-12

If the general vission of developing the technology

for climate modification is assigned to a single

agency, present overlap and lack of concerted effort

among the various agencies will be remedied to a

considerable extent. Due to the great importance

of the field, however, and because of the necessity

of maintaining an interdisciplinary and international

approach to weather activities, it is believed that

continuing attention must be forthcoming from the

Executive Office of the President. Consequently,

some mechanism concerned solely with weather and

climate modification, with emphasis on the development

and operational side, needs to be established

within the OST. The OST’s concern should embrace

funding, basic research, applied research, development,

testing and evaluation. Such a mechanism could

take over from ICAS the weather and climate modification

components. ICAS could continue to be concerned

with atmospheric research.

d. An Advisory Committee

The Commission also recommends the utilization of the

National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy

of Engineering for continuing review and advice

regarding the national program of weather and climate

modification.

Both the President’s Science Advisory Committee and

the Congress need to be able to obtain scientific and

public policy advice from a group of knowledgeable

people from outside the Government. This need could

perhaps be met by the appointment of a standing

committee in the National Academy of Sciences in

cooperation with the National Academy of Engineering.

Such a committee includes persons with experience

in the physical sciences, engineering, the biological

sciences and the social sciences.

11-13

Report to the

Interdepartmental Committee on Atmospheric Sciences

—-

PRESENT AND FUTURE PLANS

OF FEDERAL AGENCIES IN

W EATHER-CLIMATE MODIFICATION

June 20, 1966

Prepared by the ICAS Select Panel on Weather Modification

APPENDIX 111

111- 1

FOREWORD

This report was prepared by the ICAS Select Panel on Weather

bdification for consideration by the Interdepar-tanental

Committee on Atmospheric Sciences as requested by the

Chairman at the ky 13, 1966, meeting.

summary of the goals, program approach and f a c i l i t i e s of

the Federal Departments and Agencies engaged in weather and

climate modification a c t i v i t i e s f o r FY 1967 and FY 1970. A

brief summary statement by each Department or Agency is also

included t o supplement the budgetary material.

It presents a budget

Attention is invited to the following points of i n t e r e s t

illustrated by the matrix presentation.

1. The primary emphasis of the Federal goals i n

weather modification appears to be i n the

category of precipitation modification.

FY 1967

FY 1970

$4.70 million out of $9.33 million t o t a l

‚$99.60 million out of $146.83 million t o t a l

2. The largest percentage and over-all increases

from FY 1967 to FY 1970 i n weather modification

are planned by ESSA and the Bureair of Reclamation.

ESSA – $1.55 million in 1967 to $59.70 million

Bureau of Reclamation – $3.00 million in 1967

i n 1970

60 $70.00 million i n 1970

3. The .Department of Agriculture is planning to

support a reasonably broad-based weather

modification program by FY 1970 (from ‚$0.5 million

to $9.35 million) expanding into h a i l suppression,

biological aspects, and boundary layer exchange.

4. The Department of Defense is holding level and w i l l

not expand significantly unless a mission breakthrough

is ‚imminent.

5. Field experiments show as one would expect–very

expensive.

/-&-&c. .A/. j 9 ~(/ /*L +- -+ 4-LEarl

G. Droessler

Chairman, ICAS Select Panel

on Weather Modification .

June 20, 1966

111-2

Agency

AGRIC .

ESSA

DOD

BUR.

IiEC .

NSF

NASA

FAA

TO TAL

– – 0.015 0.140 –

– – 1.700 1.000 –

0.100 0.300 0.140 0.180 0.660

0.400 27.100 5.200 4.900 12.200

0.930 – – 0.0% 0.210

1.030 – – 0.110 0.240

– 3 .OOO – 70.000

0;200 1.400 o 700 0.200 0.200

0.500 2.500 1.650 0.500 0.750

1.430 4.700 0.855 0.610 1.070

3.030 99.600 8.550 6.510 13,190

0.115 0.495 –

3.250 9.350 –

– 1.380 0.170

0.700 57.600 2.100

– 1.230 0.056

– 1.380 0.060

–

– – 3.000

– 70.000

100 3.000 0.214

1.000 7.400 0.500

– 0.070 –

– 0.150 0.020

0.020 0.150 –

– 0.950 –

0.235 9.325 0.434

4.950 1.46.830 2.680

includes boundary layer studies and remote sensing.

# includes climate modification studies and cumulus modification.

111-3

Agency

AGRIC .

ESSA

DOD

BUR.

mc .

NSF

NASA

FAA

TOTAL

hJl3ATHER PDDI F ICATION PROGRAM APPROACH -19-7 0 (millions

0..275 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.045

3.910 0.450 0.185 0.500 0.695

0.830 0.150 0.035 0.100 0.180

39.350 11.450 1.050 4.950 1.050

0.730 0.180 0.030 0.170 0.120

0.810 0.200 0.040 0.190 0.140

2.009 0.102 0.186 0.090 0.365

45.000 4,500 7.000 1.500 9.000

1.500 0.700 0.050 0.575 0.075

4.000 1.000 0.200 0.800 0.400

0.005 0.030 – 0.030 0.005

0.070 0.030 – 0.010 0.040

5.349 1.182 0.321 0.935 0.920

93.140 17.630 8.475 7.950 11.325

-I-‚ d ma,

-Po

m d

5 %

q a

–

0.360

0 .I55

1.150

–

0.213

2,000

–

0.950

0.368

4.460

0.115 0.495

3-250 9.350

0.100 1.550

0.700 59.700

– 1.230 – 1.380

0.035 3.000

1.000 70.000

0.100 3.000

1.000 7.400

– 0.070 – 0.150

0.020 0.150 – 0.950

0.370 9.495

5.950 148.930

111-4

Agency

AGRIG .

ESSA

DOD

BUR.

REG.

NSF

NASA

FAA

TOTAL

1967

FACILITIES FOR WEATIER MIDIFICATION -19-7 0

n .

– 0.060 0.070 0.040 0.030 0.035 0.005 0,010 – 0.250 – 0.220 0.350 0.950 0.300 1.880 0.100 0.200 – 4.000

0.050 0.020 0.200 0.050 – 0.075 0.050 – 0.010 0.455

8.000 13.100 .91.300 4.400. 2.600 2.000 0.800 – – 42.200

0.040 0.060 ?$o.300 0.020 0.010 o.iio 0.050 – – 0.590

0.050 0.070 3t0.330 0.020 0.010 0.130 0.060 – – 0.670

– 0.250 0.015 0.500 0.015 0.020 0.060 – – 0.860

1.250 6.000 0.500 2.000 3.000 0.750 1.000 1.500 – 16.000

0.200 0.080 0.045 0.165 0.070 0.080 0.012 0.085 – 0.737

0.500 0.250 0.100 0.300 0.100 0.100 0.050 0.200 – 1.600

– – – – 0.010 – – – 0.010

– – – – – 0.015 – – – 0.015

– 0.015 – 0.090

– – 0.010 0.005 – – – –

– – 0.040 0.050 – – – –

0.290 0.470 0.640 0.780 0.125 0.330 0.177 0.095 0.010 2.917

9.800 19.640 12.620 7.720 6.010 4.875 2.010 1.900 – 64.575

includes research a i r c r a f t only.

111-5

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WEATHER MIDIFICATION PFUIGRAM FOR FY 1967

The Department of Agriculture is performing or planning weather

modification research i n five major fields:

(1) Lightning suppression

(2) H a i l suppression

( 3 )

(4) Boundary layer energy exchange

(5)

Biological responses t o weather modification

Remote sensing i n support of weather modification

Present Program.

(1) Liphtning Suppression. Project Skyfire of the U. S. Forest

Service is performing an active research program aimed a t suppression

of lightning. Field experiments are testing the effects of very

heavy seeding with silver iodide on lightning storms.

t o date show that seeded clouds produced 1/3 fewer cloud-ground

strokes than non-seeded clouds.

most.likely to ignite forest f i r e s has also been identified.

Physical and mathematical models of mountain thunderstorms are

being developed.

The results

The type of lightning discharge

(2) ‚Hail Suppression. The main activity is preliminary planning of

a long range research program.

of h a i l damage to agricultural crops and related resources.

S t a t i s t i c a l studies are being made

(3) Biological Responses t o Weather Modification. The Forest Service

and Agricultural Research Service are engaged i n ecological studies

giving consideration to individual species under a limited range of

climatic parameters.

both forest and farm biological communities i n relation to specific

features of weather and climate.

These studies are developing information on

(4) Boundary-Layer Energy Exchange. The Department of Agriculture

has had long and productive research related to boundary-layer

energy exchange. These studies concern the energy response of

evapotranspiration.

relationships under specific atmospheric situations.

(5) Remote Sensing i n Support of Weather Fbdification. The Forest

Service and Agricultural Research Service are performing research

for development of knowledge and technology i n remote sensing as

applied t o agricultural and forestry programs.

support development of the weather modification research program.

Airborne infrared scanners are being used to provide information on

fires, vegetation, topographic features and background thermal radiation.

Advanced photographic techniques are being developed. Planning is

underway for an expanded research program f o r remote sensing of biomass

changes on agricultural and forest lands and detection of c r i t i c a l

Limited studies are underway of energy exchange

Part of the a c t i v i t i e s

I changes i n boundary-layer energy exchange relations.

111-6

DEPARTMENT OF A G R I C U L m

WEATHER MIDIFICATION PROGRAM FOR FY 1970

(1) Lightning Suppression. On the foundation of the results

stemming from Project Skyfire, the Forest Service is planning a

strengthened research program including :

(a)

of a larger area, intensification of measurement of lightning

discharges, and delivery of larger quantities of silver-iodide

to storms selected for treatment. Research will be stepped

up on the development of higher output silver iodide generators

for use on a i r c r a f t and at ground stations.

capabilities will be increased t o permit simultaneous seeding

of two or more cloud systems i n instmented t e s t areas.

Expanded f i e l d experiments will permit instrumentation

Experimental

(b) More intensive investigation of the already identified

lightning stroke most l i k e l y t o ignite fires and of the

physical processes for its modification is planned.

laboratory experiments w i l l accelerate investigations of the

modification of the electrical structure of simulated clouds

with freezing nuclei.

Strengthened

(2) Hail Suppression. A research program consisting of four major

a c t i v i t i e s is proposed: (1) The Forest Service, utilizing technology

already developed by Project Skyfire, would i n i t i a t e basic studies of

hailstorm phenomena and f i e l d experiments i n the seeding of hailstorms;

(2) Agricultural Research Service would undertake studies of the

relationships between hailstorms and the’production and quality of

agricultural crops; ( 3 ) Economic Research Service would examine

the socio-economic aspects of hailstorms; and (4) Cooperative State

Research Service would establish a grant program for h a i l research

with universities.

( 3 ) Biological Responses. The research program proposed would

provide a centrally coordinated effort directed at meeting the

glaring deficiencies i n ecological knowledge.

weather is to be modified, natural communities would be selected

f o r study and permanent plots established i n them. Communities

would be chosen to represent the f u l l range of environments and

major community types i n the area and especially i n extreme

environments.

and a f t e r a period of weather modification to determine species

changes.

and observed i n natural areas unaffected by weather modification or

by other of m a n ‚ s a c t i v i t i e s .

t o certain insect pests, weed species, species near the limits of

t h e i r range, and to s o i l fauna and flora.

be sought.

In an area i n which

Detailed observations would be made before, during,

Similar plots in similar situations would be established

Particular attention would be given

Indicator species would

111- 7

The proposed program would include computer simulation studies.

The research plan woilld include a continuing comprehensive .analysis

of precipitation data to determine if a measurable heneficial or

detrimental effect occurred anywhere within the system.

there would be comprehensive controlled ecological studies on the

effect on vegetation of different amounts and patterns of precipitation.

Concurrently,

(4) Boundary-Layer Energy Exchange. The effect of changing the

amount of advected energy through weather modification upon the

processes a t the leaf-air interface w i l l be evaluated and procedures

developed to minimize the effect of spreading droughts, or to take

advantage of benefits from weather modification.

Microclimate control measures W i l l be developed to reduce evapotranspiration,

to conserve s o i l moisture reserves, and to assure

adequate photosynthetic activity of cropped and forested areas.

The effects of weather modification on diffusion and eddy’transfer

processes that are responsible for the exchange of carbon dioxide,

water vapor, and heat between leaf surfaces and the atmosphere w i l l

be c!.arif ied .

( 5 ) Remote Sensing. Research w i l l be conducted to:

(a) Develop technology t o determine ecologic changes of past

20 years related to inadvertent weather modification. Modern

seqilential aerial photography compared with early photography

can provide some pre-weather modification bases for measuring

czlrrent and future trends.

(b)

multiscale remoie sensing which starts at the milacre plot

and scales upwards to satellite-scale high resolution remote

sensing.

Develop scaling laws and change detecting systems by

(c)

i n biomass and i t s characteristics and trends i n characteristics

significant to energy-balance.

Develop technology of detecting and measuring trends

111-8

ESSA’S PLANNED INEATHER M3DIFICATION RFSEARCH PROGRAM FOR FY 1967

Research planned by the Department of Commerce Environmental Science

Services Administration during fiscal year 1967 w i l l be directed

t o an expanded „in house“ and contractual program of instrument

and equipment development, f i e l d measurements and~experiments, laboratory

investigations, theoretical modeling of cloud physics processes,

and establishment of a bench mark program of data collection related

t o inadvertent weather modification. An expanded exploration of the

structure and dynamics of hurricanes through experiments designed to

inquire into the f e a s i b i l i t y of storm modification by sustained and

massive seeding techniques is programmed i n collaboration with the

U. S. Navy (Project STORIQLJRY).

The conceptual foundations for h a i l suppression or modification

will be exaiiined through use of a newly constmcted mobile h a i l

laboratory operated by the ESSA Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry

Laboratory recently established at Boulder, Colorado. A series

of surface and airborne measurements and experimentg will be carried

out near Flagstaff, Arizona, during July and August 1966 i n cooperation

with the U. S. Army lightning suppression research project.

experiments incorporate chaff seeding techniques and the effects of

this on cumulus cloud electrification will be assessed on the basis

of ground level and a i r c r a f t surveillance of atmospheric e l e c t r i c a l

parametcrs. Instrument and equipment development w i l l include a

raindrop spectrometer, airborne humidity and temperature sensing

devices, and the construction of an a i r c r a f t mounted system for

releasing large quantities of hydrophilic substances f o r altering

the natural population of condensation nuclei.

A series of f i e l d experiments intended to c r i t i c a l l y stildy the

precipitation augmentation and redistribution problem is being

planned with particular reference to the Northeastern U. S. and

Great Lakes region as a follow-on research program recommended by

the National Academy of Sciences, Panel on Weather and Climate

Modification.

to clarify the vertical and horizontal diffusion of silver iodide

released from ground generatmrs.

and laboratory researeh will heavily emphasize cloud nucleation problems

and the role of precipitation formation and growth mechanisms i n altering

cloud dynamics or processes i n i t i a l l y under tropical convective regimes.

Problems of inadvertent weather modification w i l l be approached by

establishing a sustained standardized carbon dioxide monitoring program

i n i t i a l l y at the remote high altitude &una Loa Observatory i n Hawaii

to provide .a bench mark series of data.

The

The program w i l l include f i e l d experiments designed

Theoretical modeling experiments

111-9

ESSA’S P L m D hTATHER MIDIFICATION ElESEELRCH PROGRAM FOR FY 70

Fiscal year 1970 is the middle year of the proposed ESSA five-year

weather modification program.

reaching full operating strength, and the expenditures for heavy

capital equipment will reach a peak during t h i s year.

phase of the effort w i l l have been under way for the previous two

years, and it is t o be hoped that experimental application of ‘

modification techniques could begin i n most areas.

The major f i e l d projects will be

“he exploratory

Documentation of the cloud and precipitation structure during

both winter and summer months w i l l have been achieved over most

of the experimental s i t e s , and experimental seeding operations

will be under way primarily by a i r c r a f t , for establishing optknum

techniques f o r precipitation control. Ground-based randomized

seeding at several s i t e s w i l l be continued. Exploration of severe

storms–hurricanes, tornadoes, hailstorms–will continue, directed

at the establishment of modification hypotheses. Experimental

treatments w i l l be employed as appropriate. The kackground research

effort will continue, with emphasis on laboratory studies, computer

simulation, and field observations and experiments.

dynamic modeling will represent an expanding effort, with the creation

of more sophisticated models as computer capabilities increase.

Instrment development will continue at an accelerating pace, with

emphasis on radar, a i r c r a f t equipment, and the concept and development

of entirely new approaches to cloud and atmospheric measurements.

Studies of future operational system concepts will be initiated.

Large-scale

The major outlay in new f a c i l i t i e s would continue to be i n the

purchase of aircraft.

program two additional P-3 (Electra) , two additional executive

type, and one heavily stressed military attack a i r c r a f t , are scheduled

f o r 1970.

construction of at l e a s t two large-scale cloud chambers wollld begin

during t h i s year. Also, if the desirability of a new national

laboratory were established, construction of t h i s f a c i l i t y would

also be undertaken. Field site instrumentation would be continued,

primarily to f i l l out planned complements, and to i n s t a l l new types

of equipment which had been developed during the first two years of

the program.

According to the proposed ESSA five-year

With completion of design studies , it ,is planned that ’

111- 10

DEPARTIBNT OF DEFE;NSE WEATHER M3DIFICATION PRI)GRAM FOR FY 1967

DOD’s i n t e r e s t in weather modification is not a general across the

board i n t e r e s t i n weather modification as a science or even i n the

broad improvement i n technology.

particular s c i e n t i f i c and technological areas that have direct

application to the improvement of DOD’s capability for carrying

out its mission.

It is rather an i n t e r e s t i n those

The main thrust of the DOD e f f o r t i n weather modification can be

divided into four major problem areas. These are:

WARM FOG

The problem of warm fog and stratus receives the major emphasis

in the DOD weather modification program due to its widespread

occurrence and its adverse effect on so many military operations.

Although a number of approachs have been made i n attempting to

dissipate warm fogs and one technique involving the application

of vast quantities of heat has demonstrated a measure of success

there is at present no economically and operationally feasible

method available f o r gerleral use. The major portion of the DOD

efforts i n this area are therefore directed toward gaining a

better understanding of the l i f e cycle of warm fqgs i n terms of

physical parameters the knowledge of which w i l l be necessary to

develop feasible dissipation techniques.

SEVERE STORM IBDIFICATION

The need for finding a way to moderate the intensity of the most

violent forms of nature is obvious. The most ambitious attack on

this problem i n which WD is involved i s k h e joint DOD-DOC program

for experiments on hurricane modification known as Project STORMFURY.

CONVECTIVE CLOUDS

The two areas of interest just discussed account for 80% of the

funds devoted by DOD to weather modification.

i n t e r e s t is the broad topic of convective clouds.

i n t e r e s t not only because of its association with severe storms

but also because it is the dominant type of activity i n tropical

regions where much of DOD’s area of operations is centered.

Another area of

This is of major

COLD FOG

This activity accounts f o r only 5% of the research effort mainly

because it has moved into operational use i n DOD. Research is

continuing, however, on more efficient modification techniques

such as the use of propane gas or the transportation of dry ice

by small balloons.

111- 11

Associated with these problem areas and necessary to their eventual

solution is the work being carried out i n cloud physics and

instrumentation development i n report of more general problems

i n the atmospheric sciences.

DEP~TMENT OF DEFENSE WEATHER MIDIFIGATION PROGRAM FOR FY 1970

The DOD weather modification program is funded under a level effort

concept and unless a major technological.breakthrough is achieved

or a c r i t i c a l unforeseen need arises the program should remain at

its present level.

several years due to the general increase i n cost of living which

at t h i s time amounts t o between 3-4% per year but no major expansion

of the program is planned at present.

Dollar amounts may increase over the next

111- 12

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WEATHER M3DIFICATION PROGFUM FOR FY 1967

Field experiments comprise the largest portion of the Bureau’s

efforts, both\ i n t h e and money.

regimes w i l l contime i n South h k o t a and Arizona.

precipitation regimes w i l l cbntinue t o be studied i n California,

Washington , Montana , Nevada , Utah , Arizona , New Mexico, Colorado ,

and Wyoming, with equipment and instrument installations continuing

i n some areas.

Studies of summer precipitation

Winter

Laboratory experiments, while not large i n terms of t h e and money,

represent an important part of our program. Programs are underway

to study the behavior of a r t i f i c i a l nuclei when introduced into the

cloud base; to find better ways t o detect see2ing material i n

precipitation as an aid i n evaluating seeding effectiveness; and

to continue the development and refinement of telemetering precipitation

gages .

Tneoretical and s t a t i s t i c a l studies w i l l continue to be supported at

the South Dakota School of Mines, ‚University of Nevada, Aerometric

Research , Inc. , T a f t College , Fresno State College Foundation , Colorado

State University, Naval Ordnance Test Station, U. S. Forest Service,

U. S. Weather Sureau, and W. E. Howell Associates.

inclviie mathematical modeling of cloud and precipitation processes,

evaluation techniques, new seeding agents and devices, and cloud and

storm climatology.

These studies

Development of technology is a natural outgrowth of the research

efforts. The Bureau w i l l continue i n FY 67 to develop seeding

technology for cap clouds, summer cumulus and winter orographic

cloud systems, and emphasis w i l l be exerted to exploit the capabilities

of current instrumentation and equipment (radar, for example).

Systems developnent w i l l become an increasingly important part of

the program.

of Reclamation will continue work i n t h i s area, with valuable assistance

from contractors on the details of the components.

efforts w i l l be directed towards increasing knowledge of data

gathering and processing during FY 67.

During FY 67 the Denver Office staff of the Bureau

In particular,

111- 13

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WEATHER MIDIFICATION PROGRAM FOR FY 1970

In FY 70 field experiments will continue to be the area of greatest

effort, and it is anticipated that research activities will have

expanded to include the entire nation.

that some areas, perhaps one in the East and one in the West, will

have pilot plant operational programs.

w i l l be continued studies of the feasibility of redistributing

precipitation as part of the total water resources development of

the nation.

at higher levels of effort. However, a few may be terminated as

answers to specific problems are found. It is anticipated that

major steps forward will be taken in ground-to-ground and air-to-ground

telemetry operations and also in establishing a nationwide weather

radar surveillance network to aid in detecting seeding opportunities

and evaluating results.

By FY 70 it is expected

Among the major investigations

Most of the field experiments of FY 66 will be continued

With the availability to the program of major cloud chamber facilities

acquired in prior years, it is anticipated that many of the unanswered

questions of cloud and precipitation processes can be investigated.

Other problems discovered as a result of previous work w i l l continue

to receive attention in FY 70.

to cloud seeding, indirect influences, such as socio-economic and

bioloTical factors, w i l l be examined.

In addition to studies dire,ctly related

Development of technology will be proceeding at a high pace in view

of the expanding program.

will be made toward developing an „operational manual“ for several

areas of the nation.

It is expected that considerable progress

Systems development will colitinue to receive major attention during

FY 70.

will receive increasing support as the program in atmospheric water

resources progresses.

Studies in proper management of research and operational programs

111- 14

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION WEATHER MIDIFICATION

PROGRAM FOR FY 1967

In FY 1967, efforts will be made t o build on the present competence

available i n universities and other appropriate institutions and t o

encourage cooperative efforts between smaller groups to pool t h e i r

talents and provide mutual support i n which combined efforts can be

made t o yield much greater impact. The Hailswath Project i n which

22 separate research groups are pooling t h e i r efforts toward the

common goal of h a i l suppression research at a specific location is

an example of t h i s type of cooperative research.

Cooperative arrangements on a smaller scale between the staffs of

different universities to supplement talents are also being

encouraged by the National Science Foundation.

ventures are the testing of new nucleating materials developed at

Lehigh University by the University of Chicago f i e l d project Whitetop,

the testing of ultrapure silver iodide produced by the University

of Arizona i n the calibration f a c i l i t y of the Colorado State

University, and the operation of a radar f a c i l i t y at Chadron State

College by the research team from the South Dakota School of Knes.

The role of the National Science Foundation i n bringing together

diverse research talents into cooperative research teams is vital

in developing the talented manpower resources needed f o r the future,

and w i l l insure that a c r i t i c a l size of e f f o r t can be attained to

be effective.

Typical cooperative

Increasing emphasis’is being made to supplement the operational

„know-how“ of the f i e l d research or operational project with the

technical and theoretical s k i l l of the trained university scientist.

The recent grant t o the North Dakota State College to assist and

evaluate -the Bowman-Slope Hail Association efforts on h a i l suppression

is an example where both groups w i l l benefit by t h e i r mutual hterfqce.

Wherever possible, commercial operators are being encouraged t o incorporate

research aspects i n t o t h e i r commercially sponsored seeding projects.

Recent contracts with Wallace E. Howell Associates t o scientifically

evaluate the salt seeding of warm clouds over the Virgin Islands and

with Atmospherics, Inc. to evaluate the effectiveness of t h e i r seeding

program i n the Kings River drainage basin i n California are examples

of t h i s effort.

The i n i t i a t i o n of i n t e r e s t i n weather modification in universities

where competence may grow is also a goal of the National Science

Foundation program. In FY 1966, efforts were i n i t i a t e d at Chadron

State College, in Nebraska, North Dakota State College i n North Dakota,

and at the University of Washington, in Seattle, to germinate new sources

of competence which w i l l produce the talent for the future.

I ‚

111- 15

The growing i n t e r e s t i n the social, economic, legal, biological and

ecological impacts of weather modification created by the recent

report of the National Science Foundation Spe cia1 Commission on

Weather Modification is being fostered by the formation of the Task

Group on Human Dimensions for Weather bbdification at the National

Center for Atmospheric Research and by a grant with the University of

Missouri t o study the socio-economic impact of weather and climate

modification.

emphasis by the National Science Foundation i n the future.

This is a f i e l d of research which w i l l receive increasing

111- 16

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION WEATHER MIDIFICATION PROGRAM

FOR FY 1970

In FY 1970, it is anticipated that many of the s m a l l university

research groups w i l l find it advantageous t o combine their efforts

into larger research teams in order t o approach the study of the

atmosphere i n situ rather than in the laboratory.

increased capability for mobility in field operations in order to

achieve t h e i r research goals. This may well be provided by attaching

research teams to existing field weather modification operational

projects already i n existence, or by a povling of aircraft, vehicle,

radar and ground network equipment by a number of university groups.

This will require

It is anticipated that there w i l l be a few large-scale f a c i l i t i e s

funded for the testing of modification schemes.

might be the suspension of a spray nozzle over a valley between

two mountain peaks to produce cloud-sized droplets into which

e l e c t r i c a l charges can be introduced i n either polarity, contamban%s,

can be introduced, and the drop size spectrum can be adjustec! t o

any reasonable distribution. Under NSF sponsorship, a large a i r c r a f t

or blimp hanger may also be converted into a fog chamber for testing

warn fog dissipation techniques.

Typical schemes

Research will still continue i n university laboratories on basic

problems relevant to understanding atmospheric processes, and

„small science“ hopefully will continue to be supported along with

the efforts of „big science.“ Emphasis w i l l be increased on the

mathematical modeling of the atmospheric processes and on the

techniques f o r simulating modification processes on the computer

before testing them in the atmosphere.

Increasing attention’will be paid t o the problem of making measurements.

in the atmosphere.

for the design of standardized instrumentation and calibration

techniques which w i l l be made available to the s c i e n t i f i c community.

NSF w i l l support studies by qualified engineers

By FY 1970, the approach to the problem of the social, economic,

legal, biological and ecological aspects of weather modification should

become sufficiently clear so t h a t significant research efforts in

these areas can be fostered and expanded,

will be equally d i f f i c u l t as those faced by the physical s c i e n t i s t i n

weather modification, but models and procedures w i l l evolve which will

require major support of f i e l d evaluation studies and high-speed computers.

These w i l l be approached within the university community and by larger

study groups with

capabilities.

the million dollar level, of support.

The solution of these problems

commensurate resources i n manpower and computer

By FY 1970, it is planned that t h i s effort w i l l approach

111- 17

In general, by FY 1970 it is visualized that the transition of

weather modification from I‘ small science“ to „big science“ w i l l

be w e l l on the way.

support of the university researcher and his graduate students

i n the field of basic atmospheric research in weather modiflcation.

The matrix figures for NSF i n FY 1970 are an estimate of the needs

of the non-government s c i e n t i f i c community.

NSF will continue to provide the major

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION

WEATHER MIDIFICATION PROGFLAM FOR FY 1967

NASA‘ s program i n weather modification i.n FY 1967 w i l l be primarily

a continuation of the effort being scpported under contract with the

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories, Inc. on the investigation of warm

fog properties and fog modification concepts.

This project t o date has emphasized analytical and experimental

work on studies of the micro and macroscopic properties of warm fogs,

techniques for observing fog parameters, the simulation of fog

conditions, the experimental modification of fog, and the formulation

of mathematical fog models.

During FY 1967 laboratory investigations of fog dispersal by

electrification principles w i l l be continued. Proposed ideas for

producing condensation nuclei w i l l be further investigated and

laboratory experiments w i l l be conducted t o evaluate the concept

for preventing dense radiation fog. Nuclei measurements will be

continued on a daily basis, and will be correlated with measurements

taken on previous years.

111- 19

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION

WEATHER MIDIFICATION PROGRAM FOR FY 1970

In FY 1970, it is planned t o continue the work at the Cornell

Aeronautical Laboratories i n warm fog research which will provide

the basis for dissipation techniques.

In the conduct of weather modification experiments, an i n s t m e n t e d

s a t e l l i t e viewing the area from above w i l l be extremely useful to the

analysis of the modification efforts.

would be able t o perform this support activity with even greater s k i l l .

Thus, observations from space can be very helpful i n conducting

experiments i n weather modification.

A manned observer i n space

Space launch vehicles pour out a tremendous volume of exhaust, gases

during their active burning stage.

by several orders of magnitude the quantities normally found i n the

atmosphere at these levels.

continuous study in order t o insure that future programs for launching

space f l i g h t vehicles, both i n this country and by other countries,

w i l l not have a significant effect on the composition and motion of

the atmosphere.

explore this area furthkr.

In quantity, the gases exceed

This situation must be kept under

NASA would be pleased to join a study e f f o r t to

NASA’s role i n aeronautics and particularly in thk development of

the supersonic transport naturally involves it i n the over-a11 program

of severe storm prediction and posstble modification and dissipation

of severe storms a r t i f i c i a l l y .

encourage the active programs that would lead to an eventual control

of storms or other conditions affecting aircraft f l i g h t .

From t h i s point of view, NASA would

111-20

FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY WEATHER MIDIFICATION PROGRAM FOR FY 1967

Although the FAA maintains an i n t e r e s t i n a l l aspects of weather

modification which may be applied t o further increasing the safety

of aviation and/or t o providing more effective movement of air

commerce, the present research and development plans and programs

are focused on methods t o disperse fog from airports.

begins with a definition of requirements, obtaining preliminary cost

information regarding the economics of a system to modify fog at

airports, and determining c r i t e r i a for the extent of the application

of the system.

The program

The heat technique appears most promising f o r f i e l d experimentation.

A preliminary economic.analysis is scheduled to begin in late FY 1966

or early FY 1967, with studies of t e s t design and system effectiveness

c r i t e r i a being carried out in FY 1967.

FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY WEATHER KIDIFICATION PRQGRAM FOR FY 19’70

Studies of system effectiveness and test’design carried out i n FY 1967

will result i n the procurement of experimental devices and the testing

of these devices t o refine and verify the capabilities and limitations

of a fog-dispersal system.

t o begin i n FY 1968, and reaching peak effort in FY 1969 and FY 1970.

Following t h i s period of igtense field activity, there w i l l be a decrease

i n research and development activity as the engineering and operational

phases of the program become more important and arrangements are made

for operational applications t o proceed as planned.

Present plans c a l l f o r – f i e l d experimentation

FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEB FOR ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20230

June 21, 1966

MEMORANDUM FOR DR. HOMER

Subject: National WeathTe M odification Program

At its Sixty-fourth Meeting on June 20, 1966 ICAS agreed

to proceed with the deve1opm;:nt of a National Weather

Modification Program along the lines delineated in the

report of its Select Panel on Weather Modification of

the same date.

You are requested to formulate this program with such

assistance as you may request from any or all ICAS

members. You are specifically provided the assistance

of a qualified weather modification scientist from each

of the following agencies: ESSA, Bureau of Reclamation,

NSF, Department of Agriculture .

YOU are requested to provide at least these three elements

in the Program:

1. Analysis of a major program of weather modification

for the needed expansion of activity toward the goals of

fog and cloud dissipation, precipitation modification,

etc. as delineated in the Select Panel Report and toward

such other goals as you may want to specify.

ing activities as computers, mobile facilities, etc.

Analysis of the techniques to be used and such support-

3. Definition of what agencies should carry out the

activities recommended, first as to responsibility for the

program (budget support), and second as to actually conducting

the activity. If you are unable to recommend

specific allocation of responsibility your recommendations

for the solution of the problem should be included.

IV-1

APPENDIX IV

I believe the following documents provide substantive

background information that would assist you. Copies

are enclosed.

ICAS Memo to Dr. Hornig dated March 11,. 1966

S. 2916 as amended May 12, 1966

BOB Circular A-62 dated November 13, 1963

The Federal Plan f o r Met orological Services

and Supporting Researcf FY 1967

IV-2

NASA PANEL TO STUDY WEATHER MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES

MEMBERSHIP

CHRONOLOGY OF MEETINGS

COMPILATION OF SUPPORTING

MATERIAL USED BY THE PANEL

APPENDIX V

V-l

PANEL TO STUDY WEATHER MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES

Membership

Homer E. Newell, Associate Administrator for Space Science

and Applications, NASA Headquarters, Chairman

J Allen Crocker, Deputy Director, Program Review and

Resources Management, OSSA, NASA Headquarters

Leonard Jaffe, Director of Applications, OSSA, NASA

Headquarters

Ernest A. Neil, Senior Staff Assistant, Project Directorate,

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)

William Nordberg, Assistant Chief, Laboratory for Atmospheric

and Biological Sciences, GSFC

Nelson W. Spencer, Chief , Laboratory for Atmospheric and

Biological Sciences, GSFC

William C. Spreen, Meteorology and Soundings Program Chief,

Space Applications Programs, OSSA, NASA Headquarters

I Morris Tepper, Director of Meteorology, Space Applications

Programs , OSSA, NASA Headquarters

v-2

PANEL TO STUDY WEATHER MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES

Chaired by Homer E. N e w e l l

Associate Administrator for Space Science & Applications

NASA Headquarters

Chronology of Meetings

2 1 June 1966, NASA Headquarters

Receipt of Hollomon memo dated 21 June 1966 giving

assignment to Homer E. N e w e l l , and the organization

of a Panel to a s s i s t N e w e l l

27,28 June 1966, NASA Hqs

Panel briefings by Department of Interior, Department

of Commerce, Department of Agriculture, National

Science Foundation, Bureau of the Budget, and Office

of Science and Technology

28 June 1966, NASA Hqs

Executive Panel session

1 July 1966, NASA Hqs

Panel briefing by D r . E a r l Droessler

26 July 1966, NASA Hqs

Pane 1 s t a f f meeting

15-18,25 August 1966, GSFC

Panel sessions w i t h Agriculture, Interior, ESSA, NSF

6 September 1966, NASA Hqs

Pane 1 meeting

7 September 1966, GSFC

Ad hoc session

V-3

9 September 1966, OST

Report to Hornig, OST

21,26 September 1966, NASA Hqs

Ad hoc sessions

28 September 1966, NASA Hqs

Panel meeting

v-4

Panel to Study Weather Modification Activities

Chaired by H. E. Newell

Supporting Material Used by the Panel

OVERALL

Memorandum for Dr. Homer E. Newell from J. Herbert

Hollomon, Chairman, ICAS, Subject: National Weather

Modification Program, dated June 21, 1966

Report prepared by the ICAS Select Panel on Weather

Modification PRESENT AND FUTURE PLANS OF FEDERAL

AGENCIES IN WEATHER-CLIMATE MODIFICATION, dated

June 20, 1966

Final Report of the Panel on Weather and Climate

Modification to the Committee on Atmospheric Sciences,

National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council

WEATHER AND CLIMATE MODIFICATION, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS,

Volume I-SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS, Volume IT-RESEARCH

AND DEVELOPMENT, Publication No, 1350, 1966

U.S. Senate Bill (S.2916 – 89th Congress) to be proposed

by Magnuson, to provide for a weather modification program

to be carried out by the Secretary of Commerce, May 12,

1966, Referred to the Committee on Commerce

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

U . S . Department of Agriculture presentation to Newell

on June 28, 1966

Weather Modification Program Analysis

Summary of Weather Modification Research Program

Statement of T. C. Byerly, Administrator, Cooperative

State Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture,

on S.2916 before the Committee on Commerce,

U . S . Senate, on March 7, 1966

V-5

8. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service A SUMMARY OF

PROJECT SKYFIRE dated September 1, 1966, transmitted by

letter to Crocker from J. S. Barrows, Director, Forest

Fire Research, dated September 6, 1966

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

9. WATER RESOURCES IN THE SKY, Stewart L. Udall, Bulletin

American Meteorological Society, Vol 47, No. 4, April

1966, pg 275-278 (Speech presented at the 46th Annual

Meeting of the AMs, Evening Banquet, 26 January 1966,

Denver, Colorado)

10. Presentation to ICAS on May 13, 1966, PLANS FOR THE DEPARTMENT

OF THE INTERIOR’S ATMOSPHERIC WATER RESOURCES PROGRAM

11. Dept. of Interior, Manpower Requirements and Cost Estimates

(from Sept 1966 Plan Report)

12. Estimates of Facilities and Major Equipment and Services

in support of the Dept, of Interior’s Program received

16 August 1966

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

13 .

14.

15 .

Draft SUMMARY OF INFORMATZON RELATED TO MR. CROCKER FROM

FERGUSON HALL dated August 26, 1966, regarding ESSA manpower

requirements related to Weather Modification

ESSA Weather Modification Program Review for Newel1 on

June 28, 1966

Outline of A PROPOSED FIVE-YEAR PLAN IN WEATHER MODIFICATION,

U. S. Department of Commerce, Environmental

Science Services Administration, April 1966; with

ATTACHMENT: FISCAL AND MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS with

Addendum FISCAL AND MANPOWER DATA FOR 1966 AND 1967

ESSA Weather Modification Program Schedule, Fiscal

Years 1967-1970

V-6

16.

17.

18.

Presentation by the Deputy Federal Coordinator

for Meteorological Services & Supporting Research

(Moore)

THE FEDERAL PLAN FOR METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND

SUPPORTING RESEARCH, FISCAL YEAR 1967, U.S.

Department of Commerce, Environmental Science

Services Administration, Office of Federal

Coordinator for Meteorological Services and

Supporting Research

Summary papers of ESSA presentations at the Weather

Modification Review meeting, GSFC, August 17, 1966

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

19. Report of the Special Commission on Weather Modification,

National Science Foundation, WEATHER AND CLIMATE

MODIFICATION, Publication No. NSF 66-3, transmitted to

NSF December 20, 1965

20. Report to the Special Commission on Weather Modification,

National Science Foundation, WEATHER MODIFICATION LAW,

CONTROLS, OPERATIONS, Publication No. NSF 66-7 (no date)

21. National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (PL 507-81st

Congress) As Amended Through August 15, 1963, and as

Modified by Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1962, Effective

June 8, 1962

22. First Annual Report, 1959, National Science Foundation,

WEATHER MODIFICATION, NSF 60-24

23. Second Annual Report, 1960, National Science Foundation,

WEATHER MODIFICATION, NSF 61-30

24. Third Annual Report, 1961, National Science Foundation,

WEATHER MODIFICATION, NSF 62-27

v-7

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

Fourth Annual Report, 1962, National Science Foundation,

WEATHER MODIFICATION, NSF 63-29

Fifth Annual Report, 1963, National Science Foundation,

WEATHER MODIFICATION, NSF 64-19

Sixth Annual Report, 1964, National Science FouI.,L~U,+,

WEATHER MODIFICATION, NSF 65-9

Seventh Annual Report, 1965, National Science Foundation,

WEATHER MODIFICATION, NSF 66-4

Proceedings of THE SEVENTH INTERAGENCY CONFERENCE ON

WEATHER MODIFICATION, September 30 – October 1, 1965,

Big Meadows Lodge, Skyline Drive, Shenandoah National

Park, Virginia

Report of the FIRST NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HAIL SUPPRESSION.

Dillon, Colorado, October 14-15, 1965

HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION, W. R. Derrick

Sewell (Ed), U of Chicago, Dept of Geography, Res Paper

No. 105, 1966 (Papers prepared in connection with a

Symposium on the Economic and Social Aspects of Weather

Modification which was held at NCAR in Boulder, Colorado,

from July 1-3, 1965, under NSF sponsorship)

PRESENT PROGRAM AND FUTURE PLANS OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE

FOUNDATION IN WEATHER AND CLIMATE MODIFICATION RESEARCH,

Revised June 27, 1966

Letter to Dr. Newel1 from P. H. Wq’ckoff, dated June 28,

1966, regarding the NSF Weather Modification Program

with enclosure, “Critique by Presenter”

V-8

BUDGET RECOMMENDATIONS AND TRENDS

for a

National Weather Modification Program

APPENDIX VI

VI-1

NO1 IVaNnOd 33N313S 1VNOI IVN

WaV S331At13S DN313S lVlN3WNO1llAN:

N 0 I 1Va N no4

33N313S WNOIIVN

33N3DS lVlN1WNOt1IAN3

mnii n 3it1 gv

VI-2

1 \

i n

0 ICY

I-mm

W –

2 W m

V Z w

.-I

E >

8 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1967-251-026/100

VI-3

bumi bahagia / Glückliche Erde

Geoengineering 1966

Hinterlasse einen Kommentar

bumi bahagia / Glückliche Erde

Geoengineering 1966

Teilen mit:

Ähnliche Beiträge

Hinterlasse einen Kommentar